Red_NNP Pants_NNP 
While_IN writers_NNS whose_WP$ business_NN it_PRP is_VBZ to_TO be_VB witty_JJ often_RB fail_VB to_TO produce_VB ,_, grave_JJ authors_NNS occasionally_RB are_VBP mirthful_JJ when_WRB laughter_NN is_VBZ farthest_JJS from_IN their_PRP$ minds_NNS ._. 
From_IN a_DT lifetime_NN of_IN undisciplined_JJ reading_NN with_IN innocent_JJ pencil_NN in_IN hand_NN and_CC malice_NN prepense_NN in_IN mind_NN ,_, I_PRP have_VBP gleaned_VBN a_DT harvest_NN of_IN what_WP I_PRP am_VBP pleased_VBN to_TO denominate_NN Red_NNP Pants_NNP items_NNS ,_, a_DT sampling_VBG of_IN which_WDT follows_VBZ ._. 
My_PRP$ designation_NN derives_VBZ from_IN a_DT splash_NN of_IN vivid_JJ writing_NN in_IN Francis_NNP Thompson_NNP 's_VBZ A_DT Corymbus_NNP for_IN Autumn_NNP in_IN which_WDT he_PRP proclaims_VBZ how_WRB day_NN 's_POS dying_VBG dragon_NN was_VBD Panting_NNP red_JJ pants_NNS into_IN the_DT West_NNP ._. 

In_IN this_DT trousers_NNS category_NN ,_, Thompson_NNP must_MD share_VB the_DT limelight_NN with_IN Coleridge_NNP by_IN virtue_NN of_IN the_DT line_NN in_IN Kubla_NNP Khan_NNP :_: As_IN if_IN this_DT earth_NN in_IN fast_RB thick_JJ pants_NNS were_VBD breathing_VBG ._. 

Even_RB Shelley_NNP may_MD stake_VB a_DT claim_NN ,_, if_IN only_RB in_IN the_DT pajama_NN division_NN of_IN this_DT sector_NN ,_, thanks_NNS to_TO his_PRP$ description_NN in_IN Epipsychidion_NNP of_IN how_WRB ._. ._. ._. the_DT slow_JJ ,_, silent_JJ night_NN Is_VBZ measured_VBN by_IN the_DT pants_NNS of_IN their_PRP$ calm_NN sleep_VB ._. 

Since_IN everthing_VBG is_VBZ to_TO be_VB found_VBN in_IN Shakespeare_NNP ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ not_RB surprising_JJ that_IN on_IN at_IN least_JJS two_CD occasions_NNS the_DT Board_NNP has_VBZ contributed_VBN his_PRP$ own_JJ Red_NNP Pants_NNP nuggets_NNS ._. 
In_IN Antony_NNP and_CC Cleopatra_NNP (_( Act_NNP IV_NNP ,_, Scene_NNP VIII_NNP ,_, lines_NNS 14_CD et_CC seq_NN ._. )_) Antony_NNP commands_NNS the_DT wounded_VBN Scarus_NNP to_TO ._. ._. ._. leap_NN thou_NN ,_, attire_NN and_CC all_DT ,_, Through_IN proof_NN of_IN harness_NN to_TO my_PRP$ heart_NN ,_, and_CC there_RB Ride_NNP on_IN the_DT pants_NNS triumphing_VBG ._. 

And_CC in_IN Othello_NNP (_( Act_NNP II_NNP ,_, Scene_NNP I_PRP ,_, line_NN 80_CD )_) Cassio_NNP utters_NNS the_DT fervent_JJ prayer_NN that_DT Othello_NNP might_MD 
Make_VB love_NN 's_POS quick_JJ pants_NNS in_IN Desdemona_NNP 's_POS arms_NNS ._. 

A_DT variation_NN on_IN this_DT theme_NN occurs_VBZ in_IN Alba_NNP de_IN Céspedes_NNP '_POS The_DT Secret_JJ (_( translated_VBN from_IN the_DT Italian_JJ by_IN Isabel_NNP Quigly_NNP :_: Simon_NNP and_CC Schuster_NNP ,_, New_NNP York_NNP ,_, 1958_CD ,_, page_NN 114_CD )_) where_WRB she_PRP confides_VBZ that_IN I_PRP still_RB had_VBD a_DT whole_JJ afternoon_NN before_IN me_PRP to_TO spend_VB ,_, and_CC I_PRP used_VBD it_PRP to_TO tidy_JJ up_RP my_PRP$ drawers_NNS ._. ._. ._. ._. 
One_CD may_MD well_RB wonder_VB what_WP Miss_NNP Stowe_NNP had_VBD in_IN mind_NN when_WRB ,_, in_IN Uncle_NNP Tom_NNP 's_POS Cabin_NNP (_( Chapter_NN 5_LS )_) ,_, she_PRP narrates_NNS how_WRB Mrs._NN Shelby_NNP stood_VBD like_IN one_CD stricken_VBN ._. 
Finally_RB ,_, turning_VBG to_TO her_PRP$ toilet_NN ,_, she_PRP rested_VBD her_PRP$ face_NN in_IN her_PRP$ hands_NNS ,_, and_CC gave_VBD a_DT sort_NN of_IN groan_NN ._. 
In_IN this_DT same_JJ vein_NN ,_, the_DT mirthless_JJ Milton_NNP adds_VBZ his_PRP$ bit_NN to_TO the_DT general_JJ hilarity_NN of_IN nations_NNS when_WRB ,_, in_IN describing_VBG Mount_NNP Etna_NNP in_IN Book_NNP I_PRP of_IN Paradise_NNP Lost_VBD (_( lines_NNS 236_CD -_: 7_CD )_) he_PRP penned_VBN And_CC leave_VB a_DT singed_JJ bottom_NN all_DT involved_VBN With_IN stench_NN and_CC smoke_NN :_: ._. ._. ._. 

And_CC in_IN Chapter_NNP VI_NNP of_IN Vanity_NNP Fair_NNP ,_, when_WRB Blenkinsop_NNP ,_, the_DT housekeeper_NN ,_, sought_VBN to_TO console_VB Amelia_NNP for_IN Joe_NNP Sedley_NNP 's_POS jilting_VBG of_IN her_PRP$ dear_RB Rebecca_NNP ,_, Thackeray_NNP confides_VBZ (_( indelicately_RB ?_. )_) that_IN Amelia_NNP wept_VBD confidentially_RB on_IN the_DT housekeeper_NN 's_POS shoulder_NN and_CC relieved_VBD herself_PRP a_DT good_JJ deal_NN ._. 

Chuckles_NNP often_RB emanate_NN from_IN the_DT British_JJ employment_NN of_IN a_DT term_NN in_IN a_DT sense_NN at_IN variance_NN with_IN American_JJ usage_NN ._. 
There_RB is_VBZ that_IN oft-quoted_JJ example_NN ,_, near_IN the_DT opening_NN of_IN Trial_NNP by_IN Jury_NNP ,_, where_WRB Defendant_NNP asks_VBZ ,_, Is_VBZ this_DT the_DT Court_NNP of_IN the_DT Exchequer_NNP ?_. and_CC having_VBG been_VBN assured_VBN that_IN it_PRP was_VBD ,_, Defendant_NNP (_( aside_RB )_) commands_NNS himself_PRP to_TO Be_VB firm_NN ,_, be_VB firm_NN ,_, my_PRP$ pecker_NN ._. 
The_DT British_NNPS ,_, of_IN course_NN ,_, do_VBP not_RB giggle_NN at_IN this_DT bit_NN of_IN Gilbertian_NNP dialogue_NN ,_, since_IN to_TO them_PRP pecker_NN means_VBZ `_`` courage_NN ,_, '_'' as_IN in_IN the_DT phrase_NN to_TO keep_VB your_PRP$ pecker_NN up_RB ._. 
Two_CD of_IN the_DT more_RBR common_JJ examples_NNS of_IN British-_NNP American_JJ divergence_NN of_IN usage_NN are_VBP screw_NN and_CC knock_VB up_RB ._. 
In_IN Vanity_NNP Fair_NNP (_( Chapter_NN 39_CD )_) ,_, the_DT niggardly_RB Sir_NNP Pitt_NNP was_VBD not_RB nearly_RB the_DT aerial_JJ acrobat_NN your_PRP$ American_JJ sophomore_NN might_MD fancy_JJ him_PRP to_TO be_VB when_WRB he_PRP screwed_VBD his_PRP$ tenants_NNS by_IN letter_NN ._. 
He_PRP was_VBD simply_RB making_VBG extortionate_NN exactions_NNS upon_IN his_PRP$ wretched_JJ lessees_NNS ._. 
Similarly_RB ,_, when_WRB in_IN Chapter_NNP XXXIV_NNP of_IN the_DT same_JJ novel_NN ,_, Mrs._NN Bute_NNP reminds_VBZ her_PRP$ husband_NN that_IN You_PRP 'd_MD have_VB been_VBN screwed_VBN in_IN goal_NN ,_, Bute_NNP ,_, if_IN I_PRP had_VBD not_RB kept_VBN your_PRP$ money_NN ,_, she_PRP was_VBD not_RB speaking_NN of_IN pleasures_NNS deferred_VBN ._. 
In_IN Bleak_NNP House_NNP (_( Chapter_NNP XXVII_NNP )_) Grandfather_NNP Smallweed_NNP ,_, referring_VBG to_TO Mr._NN George_NNP ,_, warns_VBZ Mr._NN Tulkinghorn_NNP that_IN I_PRP have_VBP him_PRP periodically_RB in_IN a_DT vice_NN ._. 
I_PRP 'll_MD twist_NN him_PRP ,_, sir_NN ._. 
I_PRP 'll_MD screw_NN him_PRP ,_, sir_NN ._. 
In_IN Kipling_NNP 's_VBZ The_DT Light_NNP That_DT Failed_NNP (_( Chapter_NNP XIII_NNP )_) ,_, Torpenhow_NNP urges_VBZ Dick_NNP to_TO attend_VB a_DT party_NN that_DT night_NN ,_, We_PRP shall_MD be_VB half_NN screwed_VBN before_IN the_DT morning_NN ,_, is_VBZ his_PRP$ dismal_JJ sales_NNS pitch_NN to_TO Dick_NNP ._. 

In_IN Chapter_NNP VI_NNP of_IN Vanity_NNP Fair_NNP ,_, Thackeray_NNP reports_NNS on_IN Joe_NNP Sedley_NNP 's_POS drunken_JJ avowal_NN to_TO wed_VBN Becky_NNP Sharp_NNP the_DT next_JJ morning_NN ,_, even_RB if_IN he_PRP had_VBD to_TO knock_VB up_RP the_DT Archbishop_NNP of_IN Canterbury_NNP at_IN Lambeth_NNP ,_, in_IN order_NN to_TO have_VB him_PRP in_IN readiness_NN to_TO perform_VB the_DT ceremony_NN ._. 
In_IN Great_NNP Expectations_NNS (_( Chapter_NNP VI_NNP )_) ,_, we_PRP learn_VBP how_WRB ._. ._. ._. Mr._NN Whopsle_NNP ,_, being_VBG knocked_VBN up_RB ,_, was_VBD in_IN such_JJ a_DT very_RB bad_JJ temper_NN ._. 
And_CC who_WP could_MD blame_VB him_PRP ?_. 

Many_JJ a_DT raucous_JJ snigger_NN has_VBZ been_VBN sniggered_JJ from_IN the_DT pure-minded_JJ use_NN of_IN a_DT word_NN that_WDT suggests_VBZ unmentionable_JJ parts_NNS of_IN the_DT human_JJ body_NN ._. 
It_PRP does_VBZ not_RB take_VB a_DT too-wicked_JJ mind_NN to_TO read_VB into_IN such_JJ terms_NNS meanings_NNS of_IN a_DT lewd_NN nature_NN ._. 
Who_WP can_MD ,_, for_IN instance_NN ,_, blame_VBP a_DT youth_NN with_IN but_CC a_DT mildly_RB evil_JJ disposition_NN from_IN guffawing_VBG when_WRB he_PRP reads_VBZ in_IN Pater_NNP 's_POS Marius_NNP The_DT Epicurean_NNP (_( Chapter_NNP V_NNP )_) a_DT reference_NN to_TO Apuleius_NNP '_POS The_DT Golden_NNP Ass_NNP noting_VBG that_IN all_DT through_IN the_DT book_NN ,_, there_EX is_VBZ an_DT unmistakably_RB real_JJ feeling_NN for_IN asses_NNS ._. ._. ._. ?_. 
In_IN Scott_NNP 's_VBZ The_DT Bride_NNP of_IN Lammermoor_NNP (_( Chapter_NNP VII_NNP )_) ,_, one_CD reads_VBZ about_IN a_DT boy_NN cudgelling_VBG an_DT ass_NNS ,_, and_CC one_CD goes_VBZ back_RB over_IN the_DT passage_NN to_TO reassure_VB himself_PRP that_IN it_PRP does_VBZ not_RB contain_VB a_DT typographical_JJ error_NN for_IN cuddling_VBG ._. 

One_CD may_MD be_VB indulged_JJ a_DT giggle_NN even_RB though_IN he_PRP is_VBZ sure_JJ that_IN Isak_NNP Dinesen_NNP did_VBD not_RB intend_VB an_DT impropriety_NN when_WRB she_PRP recorded_VBD in_IN Out_IN of_IN Africa_NNP (_( Part_NNP V_NNP ,_, Chapter_NN 4_LS )_) how_WRB Fathima_NNP 's_POS big_JJ white_JJ cock_NN came_VBD strutting_VBG up_RP before_IN me_PRP ._. 
And_CC one_CD is_VBZ certain_JJ that_IN Kenneth_NNP Rexroth_NNP ,_, in_IN his_PRP$ American_NNP Poetry_NNP in_IN the_DT Twentieth_NNP Century_NNP (_( Herder_NNP and_CC Herder_NNP ,_, N.Y._NN ,_, 1971_CD )_) did_VBD not_RB intend_VB to_TO hint_VB at_IN closet_NN biographical_JJ matter_NN when_WRB ,_, in_IN Chapter_NN I_PRP ,_, he_PRP wrote_VBD that_IN Whitman_NNP 's_POS poems_NNS are_VBP full_JJ of_IN men_NNS doing_VBG things_NNS together_RB ,_, or_CC ,_, later_RB in_IN the_DT same_JJ chapter_NN ,_, when_WRB he_PRP referred_VBD to_TO Whitman_NNP 's_POS joyous_JJ workmen_NNS swinging_VBG their_PRP$ tools_NNS in_IN the_DT open_JJ air_NN ._. 
College_NNP freshman_NN still_RB read_VB with_IN flendish_NN glee_NN the_DT first_JJ line_NN in_IN Canto_NNP I_PRP of_IN Spenser_NNP 's_VBZ The_DT Faerie_NNP Queene_NNP (_( and_CC never_RB mind_VB the_DT title_NN !_. )_) that_DT tells_VBZ how_WRB 
A_DT Gentle_NNP Knight_NNP was_VBD pricking_VBG on_IN the_DT plaine_NN ._. 

In_IN his_PRP$ poem_NN Mr_NNP Nixon_NNP (_( from_IN Hugh_NNP Selwyn_NNP Mauberley_NNP )_) ,_, Ezra_NNP Pound_NNP 's_POS Mr._NN Nixon_NNP advises_VBZ kindly_RB 
Do_VBP n't_RB kick_VB against_IN the_DT pricks_NNS ,_, 
although_IN the_DT identities_NNS of_IN the_DT latter_JJ are_VBP not_RB divulged_JJ ._. 

One_CD is_VBZ entitled_VBN to_TO speculate_VB on_IN what_WP outrageous_JJ proposal_NN the_DT narrator_NN had_VBD made_VBN in_IN Proust_NNP 's_POS Remembrance_NN of_IN Things_NNS Past_JJ ,_, Vol._NN 2_CD —_NN Cities_NNPS of_IN the_DT Plain_NNP (_( translated_VBN by_IN C._NN K._NN Scott_NNP Moncrieff—_NNP Modern_NNP Library_NNP ,_, N.Y._NN ,_, 1934_CD ,_, Page_NNP 90_CD )_) to_TO cause_VB the_DT Duchess_NNP to_TO say_VB ,_, Apart_RB from_IN your_PRP$ balls_NNS ,_, ca_MD n't_RB I_PRP be_VB of_IN any_DT use_NN to_TO you_PRP ?_. 
There_EX is_VBZ a_DT famous_JJ letter_NN penned_VBN by_IN Rupert_NNP Brooke_NNP to_TO his_PRP$ friend_NN ,_, Edward_NNP Marsh_NNP ,_, from_IN somewhere_RB near_IN Fiji_NNP (_( p._NN 463_CD of_IN A_DT Treasury_NNP of_IN the_DT World_NNP 's_POS Great_NNP Letters_NNS ,_, Simon_NNP and_CC Schuster_NNP ,_, N.Y._NN ,_, 1940_CD )_) in_IN which_WDT he_PRP relates_VBZ how_WRB he_PRP sends_VBZ his_PRP$ native_JJ boy_NN up_RP a_DT palm_NN tree_NN ,_, where_WRB he_PRP cuts_VBZ off_IN a_DT couple_NN of_IN vast_JJ nuts_NNS ._. ._. ._. (_( macho_JJ victim_NN not_RB disclosed_VBD )_) ._. 
In_IN the_DT first_JJ chapter_NN of_IN Uncle_NNP Tom_NNP 's_POS Cabin_NNP ,_, Miss_NNP Stowe_NNP offers_VBZ a_DT dialogue_NN between_IN Haley_NNP and_CC Mr._NN Shelby_NNP ,_, part_NN of_IN which_WDT goes_VBZ ,_, `_`` Well_RB ,_, '_'' said_VBD Haley_NNP ,_, after_IN they_PRP had_VBD both_DT silently_RB picked_VBN their_PRP$ nuts_NNS for_IN a_DT season_NN ,_, `_`` what_WP do_VBP you_PRP say_VBP ?_. '_POS 
In_IN Bleak_NNP House_NNP (_( Chapter_NNP XXIV_NNP )_) Dickens_NNP may_MD cause_VB some_DT readers_NNS to_TO blush_NN when_WRB he_PRP wrote_VBD of_IN Mr._NN George_NNP 's_POS blush_NN that_IN He_PRP reddened_VB a_DT little_JJ through_IN his_PRP$ brown_JJ ._. 

We_PRP must_MD move_VB ineluctably_RB to_TO a_DT consideration_NN of_IN perfectly_RB reputable_JJ words_NNS which_WDT ,_, having_VBG acquired_VBN sexual_JJ connotations_NNS ,_, cause_VB adolescent—and_NN often_RB adult—_NN hilarity_NN ,_, even_RB when_WRB read_VBN by_IN a_DT person_NN of_IN only_RB mildly_RB prurient_NN mind_NN ._. 
In_IN Forster_NNP 's_VBZ A_DT Passage_NNP to_TO India_NNP (_( Chapter_NNP XXXI_NNP )_) a_DT vivid_JJ picture_NN is_VBZ created_VBN by_IN the_DT sentence_NN Tangles_NNP like_IN this_DT still_RB interrupted_VBN their_PRP$ intercourse_NN ._. 
Pages_NNP later_RB (_( Chapter_NNP XXXVII_NNP )_) ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ acknowledged_VBN that_IN He_PRP ,_, too_RB ,_, felt_VBD that_IN this_DT was_VBD their_PRP$ last_JJ free_JJ intercourse_NN ._. 
Apparently_RB from_IN then_RB on_RB ,_, it_PRP was_VBD going_VBG to_TO have_VB to_TO be_VB cash_NN or_CC credit_NN card_NN only_RB ._. 
In_IN The_DT Bride_NNP of_IN Lammermoor_NNP (_( Chapter_NNP V_NNP )_) ,_, we_PRP are_VBP informed_VBN that_IN the_DT heroine_NN placed_VBD certain_JJ restrictions_NNS on_IN their_PRP$ intercourse_NN ,_, a_DT limitation_NN that_WDT might_MD have_VB been_VBN more_RBR usefully_RB set_VBN in_IN that_DT same_JJ author_NN 's_POS Rob_NNP Roy_NNP (_( Chapter_NNP VII_NNP )_) where_WRB we_PRP are_VBP told_VBN of_IN the_DT chance_NN that_IN the_DT narrator_NN and_CC Miss_NNP Vernon_NNP might_MD be_VB thrown_VBN into_IN very_RB close_VB and_CC frequent_JJ intercourse_NN ._. 

A_DT variation_NN of_IN this_DT theme_NN is_VBZ found_VBN in_IN Robert_NNP Browning_NNP 's_VBZ The_DT Flight_NNP of_IN the_DT Duchess_NNP (_( Section_NNP V_NNP )_) :_: —_NN Not_RB he_PRP !_. 
For_IN in_IN Paris_NNP they_PRP told_VBD the_DT elf_NN Our_PRP$ rough_JJ North_NNP land_NN was_VBD the_DT Land_NNP of_IN Lays_NNP ,_, 
even_RB though_IN it_PRP is_VBZ generally_RB acknowledged_VBN that_IN Paris_NNP is_VBZ número_NN uno_NN in_IN this_DT area_NN of_IN human_JJ activity_NN ._. 

More_JJR picturesque_NN are_VBP the_DT references_NNS to_TO erections_NNS ._. 
An_DT arresting_VBG one_CD occurs_VBZ in_IN A_DT Passage_NNP to_TO India_NNP (_( Chapter_NNP XXI_NNP )_) in_IN which_WDT Forster_NNP describes_VBZ a_DT small_JJ building_NN as_IN a_DT flimsy_JJ and_CC frivolous_JJ erection_NN ,_, while_IN in_IN The_DT Mayor_NNP of_IN Casterbridge_NNP (_( Chapter_NNP XVI_NNP )_) the_DT Mayor_NNP himself_PRP beheld_NN the_DT unattractive_JJ exterior_NN of_IN Farfrae_NNP 's_POS erection_NN ._. 
A_DT phrase_NN can_MD paint_VB an_DT astonishing_JJ picture_NN for_IN the_DT reader_NN ._. 

Consider_VB Dickens_NNP '_POS sharp_JJ image_NN in_IN Bleak_NNP House_NNP (_( Chapter_NNP LIV_NNP )_) when_WRB he_PRP describes_VBZ how_WRB Sir_NNP Leicester_NNP leans_VBZ back_RB in_IN his_PRP$ chair_NN ,_, and_CC breathlessly_RB ejaculates_NNS ._. ._. ._. ._. 
Or_CC ,_, in_IN Nicholas_NNP Nickleby_NNP (_( Chapter_NNP XLVII_NNP )_) ,_, where_WRB that_IN admirable_JJ novelist_NN graphically_RB portrays_VBZ how_WRB old_JJ Arthur_NNP Gride_NNP again_RB raised_VBD his_PRP$ hands_NNS ,_, again_RB chuckled_JJ ,_, and_CC again_RB ejaculated_JJ ._. 
And_CC in_IN his_PRP$ short_JJ tale_NN ,_, Lionizing_NNP ,_, Edgar_NNP Allan_NNP Poe_NNP is_VBZ quite_RB candid_JJ in_IN describing_VBG the_DT reaction_NN of_IN one_CD of_IN his_PRP$ characters_NNS :_: `_`` Admirable_NNP !_. '_POS he_PRP ejaculated_JJ ,_, thrown_VBN quite_RB off_IN his_PRP$ guard_NN by_IN the_DT beauty_NN of_IN the_DT manoeuvre_NN ._. 

Alas_NNP for_IN perfectly_RB lovely_JJ words_NNS that_WDT acquire_NN pejorative_JJ meanings_NNS over_IN the_DT years_NNS !_. 
Earlier_RBR in_IN this_DT century_NN ,_, pansy_NN became_VBD a_DT derogatory_JJ epithet_NN to_TO describe_VB an_DT effete_JJ male_NN ,_, thereby_RB cheapening_VBG forever_RB lines_NNS like_IN Shelley_NNP 's_POS noble_JJ image_NN in_IN Adonais_NNP (_( verse_NN XXXIII_NNP )_) :_: His_PRP$ head_NN was_VBD bound_VBN with_IN pansies_NNS over-blown_JJ ,_, 
not_RB to_TO mention_VB Poe_NNP 's_POS odd_JJ allusion_NN in_IN For_IN Annie_NNP :_: With_IN rue_NN and_CC the_DT beautiful_JJ Puritan_NNP pansies_NNS ._. 

Or_CC ,_, more_RBR slap-stickish_JJ ,_, E.F._NN Benson_NNP 's_POS action_NN picture_NN in_IN Lucia_NNP in_IN London_NNP (_( Chapter_NN 8_CD )_) :_: Georgie_NNP stepped_VBD on_IN a_DT beautiful_JJ pansy_NN ._. 

Of_IN more_RBR recent_JJ vintage_NN is_VBZ gay_JJ ._. 
Nobody_NN used_VBN to_TO snicker_NN at_IN Chaucer_NNP 's_POS line_NN (_( No._NN 5818_CD )_) in_IN The_DT Prologe_NNP of_IN the_DT Wyf_NNP of_IN Bathe_NNP ,_, in_IN which_WDT that_WDT harried_VBN dame_NN asks_VBZ :_: Why_WRB is_VBZ my_PRP$ neghebores_NNS wif_NN so_RB gay_JJ ?_. 

In_IN his_PRP$ poem_NN The_DT Menagerie_NNP ,_, one_CD of_IN William_NNP Vaughan_NNP Moody_NNP 's_POS characters_NNS advises_VBZ :_: If_IN nature_NN made_VBD you_PRP so_RB graceful_JJ ,_, do_VBP n't_RB get_VB gay_JJ ,_, 
while_IN in_IN Othello_NNP (_( ah_NN ,_, the_DT Bard_NNP again_RB !_. )_) in_IN his_PRP$ dialogue_NN with_IN Desdemona_NNP and_CC Emilia_NNP on_IN the_DT praise_NN of_IN women_NNS ,_, Iago_NNP refers_VBZ to_TO the_DT kind_NN that_DT Never_RB lack_NN 'd_NNP gold_NN ,_, and_CC yet_RB went_VBD never_RB gay_JJ ._. 
(_( Act_NNP II_NNP ,_, Scene_NNP I_PRP ,_, line_NN 150_CD )_) 

And_CC what_WP in_IN the_DT world_NN is_VBZ one_CD to_TO make_NN of_IN William_NNP Butler_NNP Yeats_NNP 's_POS startling_JJ revelation_NN in_IN his_PRP$ poem_NN Lapis_NNP Lazuli_NNP (_( from_IN Last_JJ Poems_NNP )_) that_DT They_PRP know_VBP that_IN Hamlet_NNP and_CC Lear_NNP are_VBP gay_JJ ._. ?_. 

Indeed_RB it_PRP is_VBZ an_DT amusing_JJ ,_, albeit_IN utterly_RB wasteful_JJ pastime_NN to_TO pursue_VB the_DT quest_NN for_IN Red_NNP Pants_NNP examples_NNS ._. 
May_NNP good_JJ cess_NNS befall_VBP all_DT such_JJ quixotically_RB misguided_JJ readers_NNS !_. 
One_CD caveat_NN :_: never_RB assume_VB blithely_RB that_IN an_DT odd_JJ word_NN or_CC suspicious_JJ phrase_NN is_VBZ as_RB lubricious_JJ as_IN it_PRP sounds_VBZ ._. 
In_IN The_DT Bride_NNP of_IN Lammermoor_NNP (_( Chapter_NNP VI_NNP )_) Bucklaw_NNP vows_VBZ ,_, I_PRP will_MD chop_VB them_PRP off_RP with_IN my_PRP$ whinger_NN ,_, and_CC one_CD feels_VBZ quite_RB let_VB down_RB when_WRB he_PRP learns_VBZ that_IN a_DT whinger_NN is_VBZ but_CC a_DT whinyard_NN ,_, which_WDT is_VBZ merely_RB a_DT short_JJ sword_NN ._. 

Turning_NNP a_DT corner_NN of_IN the_DT Mazza_NNP Gallerie_NNP into_IN a_DT women_NNS 's_POS tennis_NN store_NN ,_, I_PRP was_VBD startled_VBD to_TO see_VB ._. ._. ._. hordes_NNS of_IN giggling_VBG high_JJ school_NN girls_NNS ._. ._. ._. [_NN From_IN an_DT article_NN by_IN Dorothy_NNP Gilliam_NNP in_IN the_DT Washington_NNP Post_NNP ,_, ._. Submitted_NNP by_IN ._. ]_NN 

LIGHT_NNP REFRACTIONS_NNP 
If_IN you_PRP are_VBP a_DT fan_NN of_IN old-fashioned_JJ jazz—what_NN is_VBZ now_RB known_VBN as_IN traditional_JJ or_CC trad_NN jazz—you_NN are_VBP familiar_JJ with_IN one_CD of_IN the_DT standard_JJ jump_NN tunes_NNS of_IN the_DT genre—a_NN tune_NN most_RBS commonly_RB called_VBN Muskrat_NNP Ramble_NNP ._. 
Even_RB if_IN you_PRP are_VBP not_RB a_DT fan_NN ,_, you_PRP must_MD have_VB heard_VBN it_PRP as_IN least_JJS a_DT dozen_NN times_NNS ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ the_DT one_CD that_WDT goes_VBZ ,_, Dah_NNP !_. 
Dah_NNP !_. 
Dah_NNP !_. 
Dah_NNP !_. 
da-dat-dat-dah_JJ !_. 
Da-de-da-de-da-de-dat-dat-dah_NNP !_. 
da-de-da-de-da-de-dat-dat-dah_JJ !_. 
That_DT 's_VBZ it_PRP ;_: sure_JJ ;_: you_PRP 've_VBP heard_VBN it_PRP ._. 

I_PRP think_VBP I_PRP first_RB bought_VBD a_DT recording_NN of_IN Muskrat_NNP Ramble_NNP back_RB in_IN about_IN 1940_CD ,_, when_WRB I_PRP was_VBD in_IN my_PRP$ early_JJ teens_NNS ._. 
My_PRP$ memory_NN is_VBZ rickety_JJ ,_, but_CC I_PRP am_VBP sure_JJ my_PRP$ first_JJ recording_NN was_VBD labeled_VBN MUSKRAT_NNP RAMBLE_NNP ,_, and_CC I_PRP think_VBP ,_, though_IN I_PRP am_VBP less_RBR sure_JJ ,_, that_IN it_PRP was_VBD played_VBN by_IN the_DT late_JJ Muggsy_NNP Spanier_NNP ,_, who_WP was_VBD ,_, to_TO my_PRP$ mind_NN ,_, one_CD of_IN the_DT greatest_JJS of_IN jazz_NN trumpeters_NNS ._. 
Later_RB ,_, I_PRP got_VBD another_DT recording_NN of_IN the_DT same_JJ tune_NN ,_, this_DT one_CD by_IN ,_, I_PRP think_VBP ,_, Mezz_NNP Mezzrow_NNP ._. 
The_DT label_NN said_VBD ,_, MUSKAT_NNP RAMBLE_NNP ._. 
I_PRP thought_VBD that_WDT was_VBD surely_RB the_DT first_JJ time_NN I_PRP had_VBD ever_RB seen_VBN such_JJ an_DT obvious_JJ typographical_JJ error_NN in_IN ,_, of_IN all_DT things_NNS ,_, a_DT simple_JJ title_NN on_IN a_DT simple_JJ 78_CD -_: rpm_NN record_NN ._. 
(_( This_DT ,_, remember_VB ,_, was_VBD in_IN my_PRP$ youth_NN ,_, and_CC it_PRP was_VBD a_DT time_NN when_WRB typographical_JJ errors_NNS were_VBD called_VBN typographical_JJ errors_NNS ,_, not_RB typos—at_NN least_JJS by_IN kids_NNS in_IN junior_JJ high_NN ._. )_) 
Some_DT time_NN later_RB ,_, I_PRP got_VBD still_RB another_DT version_NN of_IN MUSKRAT_NNP RAMBLE_NNP ,_, with_IN still_RB another_DT version_NN of_IN the_DT title_NN ._. 
This_DT time_NN ,_, it_PRP was_VBD MUSCAT_NNP RAMBLE_NNP ._. 
That_DT ,_, I_PRP thought_VBD ,_, was_VBD really_RB absurd_JJ ._. 
Not_RB only_RB had_VBD they_PRP left_VBN out_RP the_DT R_NN ;_: they_PRP 'd_MD changed_VBD the_DT K_NNP to_TO C”._NN 
Now_RB ,_, it_PRP made_VBD no_DT sense_NN at_IN all_DT ._. 
On_IN the_DT other_JJ hand_NN ,_, I_PRP reasoned_VBD ,_, if_IN there_EX were_VBD ,_, in_IN fact_NN ,_, some_DT sort_NN of_IN cat_NN called_VBD a_DT muscat_NN ,_, perhaps_RB it_PRP was_VBD n't_RB so_RB outrageous_JJ ._. 
I_PRP looked_VBD up_RB muscat_NN in_IN my_PRP$ Webster_NNP 's_POS and_CC found_VBD that_IN it_PRP is_VBZ a_DT `_`` variety_NN of_IN grape_NN ._. 
'_POS To_TO name_VB a_DT ramble_JJ after_IN a_DT variety_NN of_IN grape_NN seemed_VBD to_TO me_PRP preposterous_JJ ._. 
I_PRP was_VBD young_JJ and_CC ,_, by_IN today_NN 's_POS standards_NNS ,_, at_IN least_JJS ,_, pathetically_RB innocent_JJ ._. 

During_IN my_PRP$ time_NN in_IN senior_JJ high_NN ,_, and_CC ,_, after_IN that_DT ,_, in_IN the_DT Army_NNP Air_NNP Force_NNP ,_, I_PRP had_VBD other_JJ things_NNS on_IN my_PRP$ mind_NN (_( there_EX was_VBD a_DT war_NN on_IN ,_, after_IN all_DT )_) ,_, and_CC I_PRP did_VBD n't_RB give_VB the_DT MUSKRAT-MUSKAT-MUSCAT_NNP RAMBLE_NNP problem_NN any_DT thought_VBD ._. 

Speaking_NN of_IN my_PRP$ time_NN in_IN the_DT AAF_NNP ,_, which_WDT was_VBD utterly_RB undistinguished_JJ ,_, I_PRP think_VBP I_PRP must_MD make_VB a_DT confession_NN ._. 
Now_RB might_MD be_VB as_IN good_JJ a_DT time_NN as_IN any_DT to_TO reveal_VB a_DT theft_NN I_PRP committed_VBD at_IN an_DT Air_NNP Force_NNP Base_NNP near_IN Seymour_NNP ,_, Indiana_NNP ._. 
It_PRP was_VBD winter_NN and_CC bitterly_RB cold_JJ ._. 
The_DT wind_NN used_VBN to_TO sweep_VB across_IN that_DT damned_RB airfield_NN with_IN what_WP seemed_VBD an_DT absolute_JJ determination_NN to_TO crystallize_NN our_PRP$ bodies_NNS ._. 
One_CD day_NN when_WRB the_DT wind_NN chill_NN factor_NN was_VBD nearing_VBG absolute_JJ zero_CD ,_, I_PRP took_VBD shelter_NN in_IN the_DT service_NN club_NN ._. 
There_EX was_VBD the_DT omnipresent_JJ phonograph_NN ,_, or_CC Vic_NNP ,_, short_JJ for_IN Victrola_NNP ,_, and_CC the_DT stack_VB of_IN records_NNS next_IN to_TO it_PRP ._. 
In_IN those_DT days_NNS ,_, people_NNS as_IN a_DT rule_NN did_VBD not_RB take_VB much_JJ care_NN of_IN phonograph_NN records_NNS ._. 
Usually_RB the_DT records_NNS were_VBD taken_VBN from_IN their_PRP$ jackets_NNS and_CC loaded_VBN naked_JJ in_IN stacks_NNS ,_, where_WRB they_PRP picked_VBD up_RB dust_NN ,_, scratched_VBN one_CD another_DT ,_, and_CC traded_VBD static_JJ electricity_NN ._. 
I_PRP was_VBD shuffling_VBG through_IN a_DT stack_VB of_IN about_IN fifty_CD records_NNS ,_, and_CC I_PRP came_VBD across_IN three_CD Bessie_NNP Smiths_NNP ._. 
I_PRP played_VBD all_DT three_CD ,_, and_CC the_DT few_JJ other_JJ G.I._NN s_VBZ in_IN the_DT room_NN ,_, which_WDT was_VBD quite_RB large—big_NN enough_RB for_IN a_DT fair-sized_JJ dance_NN with_IN a_DT small_JJ orchestra—either_NN paid_VBD no_DT attention_NN or_CC asked_VBD me_PRP to_TO put_VB on_IN something_NN by_IN Glenn_NNP Miller_NNP or_CC Jimmy_NNP or_CC Tommy_NNP Dorsey_NNP instead_RB ._. 
Among_IN Bessie_NNP 's_POS numbers_NNS were_VBD Dying_NNP Gambler_NNP 's_POS Blues_NNP ,_, Sing_NNP Sing_NNP Prison_NNP Blues_NNP ,_, and_CC one_CD I_PRP had_VBD never_RB heard_VBN called_VBN Black_NNP Mountain_NNP Blues_NNP ,_, which_WDT has_VBZ the_DT imcomparable_JJ lines_NNS ,_, Home_NNP in_IN Black_NNP Mountain_NNP a_DT chile_NN '_'' will_MD smack_RB yo_NN '_'' face_NN ;_: Home_NNP in_IN Black_NNP Mountain_NNP a_DT chile_NN '_'' will_MD smack_RB yo_NN '_'' face_NN ;_: Babies_NNS cry_VBP for_IN liquor_NN an_DT '_POS all_PDT the_DT birds_NNS sing_VBP bass_NN ._. 
and_CC Goin_NNP '_POS back_RB to_TO Black_NNP Mountain_NNP ,_, me_PRP an_DT '_POS my_PRP$ razor_NN an_DT '_POS my_PRP$ gun_NN ;_: Goin_NNP '_POS back_RB to_TO Black_NNP Mountain_NNP ,_, me_PRP an_DT '_POS my_PRP$ razor_NN an_DT my_PRP$ gun_NN ;_: Goin_NNP '_POS cut_NN him_PRP if_IN he_PRP stan_NN '_'' still_RB ,_, goin_NN '_'' shoot_NN him_PRP if_IN he_PRP run_VBP ._. 

I_PRP was_VBD ,_, and_CC still_RB am_VBP ,_, captivated_JJ by_IN Babies_NNS cry_VBP for_IN liquor_NN an_DT '_POS the_DT birds_NNS sing_VBP bass_NN ,_, and_CC in_IN the_DT arrogance_NN of_IN my_PRP$ youth_NN ,_, I_PRP was_VBD certain_JJ that_DT nobody_NN else_RB on_IN the_DT airfield_NN either_CC knew_VBD or_CC cared_VBD who_WP Bessie_NNP Smith_NNP was_VBD ,_, nor_CC would_MD any_DT other_JJ G.I._NN be_VB enchanted_JJ by_IN basso_NN birds_NNS ,_, so_IN I_PRP turned_VBD thief_NN ._. 
I_PRP ca_MD n't_RB remember_VB how_WRB I_PRP did_VBD it_PRP ,_, but_CC somehow_RB I_PRP smuggled_JJ those_DT records_NNS back_RB to_TO my_PRP$ barracks_NN and_CC got_VBD them_PRP home_NN intact_JJ on_IN my_PRP$ next_JJ furlough_NN ._. 
I_PRP kept_VBD them_PRP in_IN good_JJ shape_NN until_IN my_PRP$ last_JJ 78_CD -_: rpm_NN turntable_JJ died_VBD ._. 

End_NN of_IN digression_NN and_CC back_RB to_TO MUSKRAT-KAT-CAT_NNP :_: Muskrat_NNP Ramble_NNP is_VBZ credited_VBN to_TO Edward_NNP Kid_NNP Ory_NNP and_CC Ray_NNP Gilbert_NNP ._. 
Kid_NNP Ory_NNP played_VBD great_JJ jazz_NN trombone_NN ._. 
The_DT only_JJ thing_NN I_PRP know_VBP about_IN Gilbert_NNP is_VBZ that_IN I_PRP find_VBP him_PRP listed_VBD as_IN co-author_NN of_IN Muskrat_NNP Ramble_NNP ._. 

About_IN thirty_CD years_NNS ago_RB ,_, when_WRB I_PRP was_VBD concocting_VBG an_DT epicurean_NN dish_NN and_CC saw_VBD that_IN I_PRP had_VBD no_DT sherry_NN on_IN hand_NN ,_, I_PRP went_VBD to_TO the_DT liquor_NN store_NN and_CC bought_VBD a_DT bottle_NN of_IN muscatel_NN that_WDT was_VBD being_VBG sold_VBN for_IN an_DT absurdly_RB low_JJ price_NN and_CC that_IN I_PRP thought_VBD might_MD be_VB exactly_RB right_NN for_IN my_PRP$ sauce_NN ._. 
It_PRP was_VBD n't_RB bad_JJ ,_, The_DT wine_NN jogged_JJ my_PRP$ thoughts_NNS back_RB to_TO Muscat_NNP Ramble_NNP ._. 
Muscatel_NNP is_VBZ made_VBN from_IN muscat_NN grapes_NNS ,_, is_VBZ sometimes_RB called_VBN muscat_NN ,_, and_CC ,_, being_VBG relatively_RB cheap_JJ and_CC sweet_JJ and_CC high_JJ in_IN alcohol_NN content_NN ,_, is_VBZ the_DT booze_NN of_IN choice_NN for_IN a_DT great_JJ many_JJ wines_NNS ._. 
An_DT old_JJ college_NN friend_NN of_IN mine_NN who_WP celebrated_JJ his_PRP$ twentieth_NN birthday—meaning_VBG twenty_CD years_NNS of_IN AA_NN sobriety—a_NN couple_NN of_IN years_NNS ago_RB ,_, tells_VBZ me_PRP that_IN when_WRB he_PRP was_VBD on_IN the_DT skids_NNS and_CC riding_VBG the_DT rails_NNS from_IN drunk_JJ tank_NN to_TO drunk_JJ tank_NN ,_, the_DT favorite_JJ terms_NNS for_IN muscat_NN were_VBD muscadoodle_NN and_CC Napa_NNP Valley_NNP smoke_NN ._. 

I_PRP made_VBD up_RP my_PRP$ mind_NN that_IN Muscat_NNP Ramble_NNP was_VBD almost_RB certainly_RB the_DT original_JJ name_NN of_IN the_DT tune_NN ._. 
My_PRP$ reasoning_NN is_VBZ that_IN it_PRP is_VBZ not_RB likely_JJ that_IN Kid_NNP Ory_NNP or_CC Ray_NNP Gilbert_NNP had_VBD ever_RB seen_VBN a_DT muskrat_NN ,_, and_CC it_PRP 's_VBZ even_RB less_RBR likely_JJ that_IN they_PRP or_CC anyone_NN else_RB has_VBZ ever_RB seen_VBN a_DT muskrat_NN doing_VBG anything_NN that_IN we_PRP would_MD be_VB likely_JJ to_TO think_VB of_IN as_IN rambling_VBG ._. 
Muskrats_NNP ,_, according_VBG to_TO my_PRP$ encyclopedia_NN ,_, look_VB like_IN giant_NN rats_NNS ,_, are_VBP found_VBN in_IN and_CC around_IN the_DT mudbanks_NNS bordering_VBG marshes_NNS and_CC quiet_JJ ponds_NNS ,_, have_VBP partially_RB webbed_JJ feet_NNS ,_, and_CC do_VBP a_DT good_JJ deal_NN of_IN swimming_NN ._. 
They_PRP do_VBP not_RB appear_VB to_TO do_VB much_RB rambling_VBG ._. 
Muscat_NNP ,_, or_CC muscatel_NN ,_, on_IN the_DT other_JJ hand_NN ,_, is_VBZ found_VBN on_IN skid_NN rows_NNS all_DT over_IN the_DT land_NN ._. 
A_DT guy_NN with_IN a_DT bottle-shaped_JJ brown_JJ paper_NN bag_NN ,_, damp_VB and_CC wrinkled_JJ at_IN its_PRP$ upper_JJ end_NN ,_, has_VBZ almost_RB certainly_RB been_VBN slugging_VBG down_RP a_DT sweet_JJ wine_NN of_IN high_JJ proof_NN ,_, and_CC the_DT odds_NNS are_VBP pretty_RB good_JJ you_PRP would_MD find_VB it_PRP is_VBZ a_DT muscadoodle_NN ._. 
After_IN the_DT guy_NN finishes_VBZ his_PRP$ Napa_NNP Valley_NNP smoke_NN and_CC has_VBZ slept_VBD it_PRP off_RP ,_, he_PRP is_VBZ looking_VBG for_IN the_DT means_NNS to_TO get_VB another_DT muscat_NN fix_NN ._. 
Now_RB he_PRP is_VBZ on_IN a_DT ramble_JJ with_IN his_PRP$ hand_NN out_IN and_CC a_DT pleading_VBG look_NN in_IN his_PRP$ roadmapped_JJ eyes_NNS ._. 
I_PRP suspect_VBP that_IN that_DT is_VBZ precisely_RB the_DT song_NN 's_POS origin_NN ._. 

My_PRP$ theory_NN is_VBZ that_IN the_DT r_LS got_VBD put_VBN in_IN there_RB simply_RB because_IN muskrat_NN is_VBZ a_DT more_RBR common_JJ word_NN than_IN muscat_NN ._. It_PRP is_VBZ the_DT same_JJ reason_NN most_JJS of_IN us_PRP ,_, I_PRP assume_VBP ,_, have_VBP heard_VBN ,_, He_PRP 's_VBZ in_IN the_DT hospital_NN with_IN prostrate_NN trouble_NN ._. 
Prostrate_NNP is_VBZ a_DT more_RBR common_JJ word_NN that_DT prostate_NN ,_, so_RB prostrate_NN is_VBZ what_WP we_PRP get_VBP ._. 
The_DT r_LS fits_VBZ in_IN naturally_RB ._. 
I_PRP got_VBD a_DT strange_JJ sort_NN of_IN corroboration_NN from_IN my_PRP$ good_JJ friend_NN Rosy_NNP McHargue_NNP ,_, who_WP is_VBZ now_RB pushing_VBG eighty-seven_CD years_NNS and_CC has_VBZ spent_VBN most_JJS of_IN his_PRP$ life_NN playing_VBG clarinet_NN and_CC sax_NN with_IN some_DT of_IN the_DT best_JJS jazzbands—_NN Benny_NNP Goodman_NNP ,_, Red_NNP Nichols_NNP ,_, Ted_NNP Weems_NNP ,_, and_CC a_DT slew_NN of_IN others_NNS ._. 
Rosy_NNP ,_, too_RB ,_, had_VBD seen_VBN the_DT tune_NN as_IN Muskrat_NNP ,_, Muskat_NNP ,_, and_CC Muscat_NNP ._. 
I_PRP asked_VBD him_PRP what_WP he_PRP thought_VBD the_DT original_JJ title_NN was_VBD ._. 
He_PRP had_VBD known_VBN Kid_NNP Ory_NNP well_RB ,_, and_CC he_PRP said_VBD ,_, You_PRP know_VBP ,_, Tom_NNP ,_, I_PRP 'm_VBP not_RB exactly_RB sure_JJ ._. 
I_PRP once_RB asked_VBD Ory_NNP about_IN it_PRP and_CC he_PRP said_VBD ,_, `_`` It_PRP 's_VBZ m-u-s-c-a-t_JJ ._. 
Muskrat_NNP ._. '_POS 
So_IN I_PRP think_VBP that_DT 's_VBZ just_RB the_DT way_NN everyone_NN said_VBD muscat_NN ._. 

There_EX you_PRP are_VBP ._. 
I_PRP find_VBP a_DT muskrat_NN ramble_JJ difficult_JJ to_TO imagine_VB visually_RB ._. 
I_PRP picture_VBP muskrats_NNS wallowing_VBG about_IN in_IN the_DT mire_NN and_CC paddling_VBG sluggishly_RB through_IN the_DT water_NN ,_, but_CC I_PRP would_MD n't_RB call_VB that_DT rambling_VBG ._. 
On_IN the_DT other_JJ hand_NN ,_, a_DT wino_NN with_IN an_DT empty_JJ paper_NN bag_NN on_IN a_DT ramble_JJ to_TO maintain_VB his_PRP$ muscat_NN level—now_NN that_WDT has_VBZ a_DT touch_NN of_IN poetry_NN ._. 
Maybe_RB not_RB in_IN the_DT same_JJ class_NN with_IN all_PDT the_DT birds_NNS sing_VBP bass_NN ,_, but_CC poetry_NN ,_, nevertheless_RB ._. 

As_IN a_DT nonexpert_NN ,_, although_IN interested_JJ ,_, subscriber_NN to_TO VERBATIM_NNP ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ a_DT bit_NN mysterious_JJ to_TO me_PRP that_IN the_DT singular_NN noun_NN absence_NN takes_VBZ the_DT plural_NN verb_NN are_VBP ._. I_PRP refer_VBP to_TO the_DT first_JJ sentence_NN of_IN your_PRP$ article_NN about_IN the_DT Longman_NNP Dictionary_NNP [_NN XV_NNP ,_, 1_CD ]_NN ._. 

Helen_NNP W._NN Power_NNP ,_, in_IN Women_NNP on_IN Language_NNP ;_: Women_NNP in_IN Language_NNP ,_, [_NN XV_NNP ,_, 2_CD ]_NN may_MD bewail_NN the_DT insensitivity_NN of_IN the_DT male_NN ._. 
But_CC she_PRP betrays_NNS her_PRP$ own_JJ elitist_NN insensitivity_NN when_WRB she_PRP describes_VBZ a_DT flight_NN attendant_NN as_IN the_DT person_NN who_WP passes_VBZ peanuts_NNS on_IN an_DT airplane_NN ._. 
I_PRP hope_VBP Ms._NN /_NN Miss_NNP /_NN Mrs._NN Power_NNP never_RB needs_VBZ to_TO draw_VB on_IN the_DT considerable_JJ first-aid_JJ and_CC emergency_NN training_NN that_IN every_DT attendant_NN must_MD master_VB ._. 

Antipodean_NNP Newsletter_NNP 
Leonard_NNP Bloomfield_NNP ,_, having_VBG begun_VBN with_IN a_DT theory_NN of_IN meaning_VBG which_WDT emphasized_VBD the_DT environment_NN in_IN which_WDT objects_NNS were_VBD present_JJ and_CC named_VBN ,_, had_VBD to_TO add_VB the_DT obvious_JJ proviso_NN that_IN we_PRP sometimes_RB mention_VBP what_WP is_VBZ not_RB present_JJ ._. 
I_PRP have_VBP lately_RB been_VBN reading_VBG accounts_NNS of_IN the_DT exploration_NN of_IN the_DT western_JJ and_CC northwestern_NN deserts_NNS of_IN Australia_NNP in_IN the_DT 1870s_NN and_CC I_PRP have_VBP become_VBN very_RB aware_JJ of_IN the_DT effect_NN absent_JJ necessities_NNS might_MD have_VB on_IN the_DT frequency_NN of_IN particular_JJ items_NNS in_IN discourse_NN ._. 
In_IN the_DT desert_NN the_DT missing_VBG necessity_NN is_VBZ water_NN ._. 
As_IN the_DT explorer_NN Ernest_NNP Giles_NNP put_VBD it_PRP ,_, the_DT explorer_NN 's_POS experience_NN is_VBZ a_DT baptism_NN worse_JJR than_IN that_DT of_IN fire—the_NN baptism_NN of_IN no_DT water_NN ._. 

My_PRP$ impression_NN was_VBD that_IN in_IN the_DT journals_NNS of_IN desert_NN explorers_NNS the_DT word_NN water_NN ,_, alone_RB or_CC in_IN compounds_NNS ,_, and_CC words_NNS relating_VBG to_TO water_VB ,_, were_VBD unusually_RB frequent_JJ ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ ,_, I_PRP suppose_VBP ,_, likely_JJ that_IN people_NNS with_IN little_JJ money_NN must_MD think_VB of_IN money_NN more_JJR than_IN the_DT well-off_JJ do_VBP and_CC that_IN the_DT hungry_JJ will_MD dwell_NN on_IN thoughts_NNS of_IN food_NN and_CC the_DT thirsty_JJ on_IN drink_NN ._. 
Here_RB was_VBD a_DT chance_NN to_TO quantify_VB such_JJ things_NNS ._. 
I_PRP decided_VBD to_TO make_VB a_DT count_NN of_IN words_NNS relating_VBG to_TO water_VB in_IN reports_NNS of_IN desert_NN exploration_NN ._. 

Taking_VBG quite_RB at_IN random_JJ a_DT single_JJ page_NN (_( page_NN 7_CD )_) in_IN the_DT journals_NNS of_IN the_DT Gregory_NNP brothers_NNS recording_VBG an_DT early_JJ (_( 1846_CD )_) exploration_NN of_IN country_NN east_JJ and_CC north_RB of_IN Perth_NNP ,_, I_PRP find_VBP the_DT word_NN water_NN used_VBD fifteen_CD times_NNS ._. 
Ten_CD pages_NNS on_IN (_( page_NN 17_CD )_) ,_, water_NN occurs_VBZ nine_CD times_NNS but_CC there_EX are_VBP also_RB the_DT related_VBN words_NNS stream_NN (_( twice_RB )_) ,_, well_RB (_( twice_RB )_) ,_, pool_NN ,_, channel_NN ,_, and_CC the_DT circumlocution_NN essential_JJ element_NN ._. 
Two_CD words_NNS ,_, dew_NN and_CC shower_VB ,_, refer_VBP in_IN the_DT context_NN to_TO the_DT presence_NN of_IN water_NN ;_: the_DT rest_NN are_VBP in_IN contexts_NNS indicating_VBG its_PRP$ absence_NN ._. 

I_PRP tried_VBD another_DT explorer_NN ,_, Ernest_NNP Giles_NNP ._. 
Taking_VBG page_NN 17_CD again_RB ,_, I_PRP was_VBD reminded_VBN that_IN Giles_NNP is_VBZ rather_RB given_VBN to_TO semi-serious_JJ poetic_JJ diction_NN at_IN times_NNS ,_, and_CC we_PRP find_VBP him_PRP referring_VBG to_TO the_DT presence_NN of_IN water_NN in_IN the_DT Finke_NNP River_NNP as_IN the_DT stream_NN purling_VBG over_IN its_PRP$ stony_NN floor_NN or_CC ,_, quoting_VBG some_DT bygone_JJ poet_NN ,_, brightly_RB the_DT brook_NN through_IN the_DT green_JJ leaflets_NNS ,_, giddy_JJ with_IN joyousness_NNS ,_, dances_NNS along_IN ._. 
Perhaps_RB present_JJ water_NN called_VBN for_IN some_DT stylistic_JJ celebration_NN ._. 
Two_CD hundred_CD pages_NNS further_RB on_IN there_EX is_VBZ less_JJR exuberance_NN in_IN the_DT circumlocution_NN that_IN fluid_JJ so_RB terribly_RB scarce_JJ in_IN the_DT region_NN ,_, and_CC in_IN three_CD other_JJ references_NNS water_NN is_VBZ simply_RB water_NN ._. 
Giles_NNP is_VBZ not_RB always_RB waxing_VBG poetic_JJ and_CC may_MD ,_, like_IN other_JJ explorers_NNS ,_, be_VB useful_JJ as_IN a_DT source_NN for_IN the_DT history_NN of_IN Australian_JJ and_CC general_JJ English_NNP ._. 
His_PRP$ use_NN of_IN the_DT word_NN tank_NN to_TO refer_VB to_TO a_DT hollowed-out_JJ reservoir_NN (_( Gibson_NNP dug_VBD a_DT small_JJ tank_NN and_CC the_DT water_NN soon_RB cleared_VBD )_) antedates_NNS the_DT OED_NNP ,_, for_IN instance_NN ._. 

Since_IN this_DT linguistic-statistical_JJ study_NN of_IN an_DT obsession_NN might_MD well_RB prove_VB to_TO be_VB an_DT important_JJ contribution_NN to_TO psycholinguistics_NNS ,_, I_PRP decided_VBD to_TO make_VB a_DT larger_JJR sample_NN of_IN watery_JJ words_NNS ,_, choosing_VBG the_DT straightforward_JJ journals_NNS of_IN Colonel_NNP Peter_NNP Egerton_NNP Warburton_NNP ,_, who_WP led_VBD an_DT expedition_NN across_IN the_DT western_JJ interior_NN of_IN Australia_NNP in_IN 1873_CD -_: 4_CD ._. 
In_IN a_DT randomly_RB chosen_VBN sequence_NN of_IN ten_CD pages_NNS (_( 151_CD -_: 60_CD of_IN the_DT published_VBN journal_NN )_) there_EX were_VBD twenty-eight_CD occurrences_NNS of_IN the_DT word_NN water_NN (_( eight_CD of_IN them_PRP in_IN compounds_NNS )_) ,_, no_DT page_NN being_VBG without_IN at_IN least_JJS one_CD example_NN ._. 
In_IN addition_NN ,_, there_EX was_VBD a_DT rich_JJ collection_NN of_IN words_NNS relating_VBG to_TO water_VB ,_, not_RB necessarily_RB indicating_VBG its_PRP$ presence_NN ._. 
Hoping_VBG to_TO find_VB a_DT lake_NN is_VBZ included_VBN ,_, though_IN of_IN course_NN it_PRP does_VBZ n't_RB indicate_VB the_DT presence_NN of_IN water_NN ._. 
Even_RB words_NNS which_WDT are_VBP usually_RB of_IN more_RBR general_JJ reference_NN are_VBP brought_VBN into_IN relation_NN with_IN water_NN in_IN a_DT text_NN like_IN this_DT ._. 
Gum-trees_NNP or_CC rocks_NNS (_( in_IN areas_NNS of_IN sand_NN )_) appear_VB as_IN signs_NNS of_IN possible_JJ water_NN ._. 
Apart_RB from_IN these_DT words_NNS and_CC lake_NN ,_, words_NNS and_CC phrases_NNS directly_RB associated_VBN with_IN thoughts_NNS of_IN water_NN and_CC reinforcing_VBG the_DT sense_NN of_IN obsession_NN include_VBP pool_NN ,_, springs_VBZ ,_, drainage_NN hole_NN ,_, clay_NN hole_NN ,_, flood_NN ,_, channel_NN ,_, water-courses_JJ ,_, water-hole_JJ ,_, rock-hole_JJ ,_, drink_NN ,_, drinkable_JJ ,_, running_VBG water_NN ,_, stream_NN ,_, and_CC native_JJ well_RB ._. 

The_DT last_JJ two_CD items_NNS merit_VBP comment_NN ._. 
Stream_NNP is_VBZ often_RB said_VBN not_RB to_TO be_VB used_VBN in_IN Australia_NNP except_IN in_IN metaphorical_JJ ways_NNS ,_, normally_RB being_VBG replaced_VBN by_IN creek_NN ._. 
Warburton_NNP 's_POS use_NN :_: sandbanks_NNS intercept_NN the_DT stream_NN ,_, which_WDT finally_RB splits_VBZ into_IN narow_NN water-courses_JJ and_CC spreads_NNS itself_PRP over_IN the_DT plains_NNS ,_, and_CC so_IN it_PRP ends_VBZ as_IN a_DT creek_NN suggests_VBZ a_DT somewhat_RB more_RBR complex_JJ relation_NN between_IN the_DT two_CD words_NNS ._. 
British-born_JJ explorers_NNS did_VBD not_RB set_VBN out_IN to_TO write_VB Australian_NNP English_NNP ,_, of_IN course_NN ._. 
Gregory_NNP uses_VBZ stream_NN in_IN the_DT way_NN normal_JJ in_IN England_NNP ;_: Giles_NNP consistently_RB refers_VBZ to_TO gens_NNS in_IN the_DT hills_NNS of_IN central_JJ Australia_NNP ,_, though_IN glen_NN is_VBZ not_RB current_JJ (_( outside_IN place-names_JJ )_) in_IN contemporary_JJ Australian_NNP English_NNP ._. 

The_DT other_JJ name_NN ,_, native_JJ well_RB is_VBZ ,_, as_IN a_DT later_JJ explorer_NN David_NNP Carnegie_NNP ,_, author_NN of_IN Spinifex_NNP and_CC Sand_NN (_( 1898_CD )_) ,_, points_NNS out_IN ,_, a_DT misnomer_NN ._. 
He_PRP believes_VBZ native_JJ wells_NNS are_VBP essentially_RB rock-holes_JJ (_( depressions_NNS in_IN rock_NN )_) buried_VBN in_IN fairly_RB shallow_JJ sand_NN ,_, which_WDT ,_, when_WRB hollowed_JJ out_IN by_IN the_DT natives_NNS ,_, appear_VB to_TO be_VB wells_NNS ._. 
This_DT sort_NN of_IN misnomer_NN leads_VBZ Carnegie_NNP to_TO suppose_VB that_IN to_TO the_DT uninitiated_JJ no_DT map_NN is_VBZ so_RB misleading_JJ as_IN that_DT of_IN West_NNP Australia_NNP where_WRB lakes_NNS are_VBP salt-bogs_JJ without_IN surface_NN water_NN ,_, springs_VBZ seldom_RB run_VB ,_, and_CC native_JJ `_`` wells_NNS '_'' are_NN merely_RB tiny_JJ holes_NNS in_IN the_DT rock_NN ,_, yielding_VBG from_IN 0_CD to_TO 200_CD gallons_NNS ._. 

Carnegie_NNP also_RB describes_VBZ namma-holes_JJ and_CC soaks_NNS as_IN sources_NNS of_IN water_NN ._. 
Soaks_NNP are_VBP shallow_JJ wells_NNS sunk_VBN near_IN the_DT base_NN of_IN an_DT outcrop_NN to_TO tap_VB an_DT underground_JJ reservoir_NN ._. 
Namma-holes_NNP have_VBP been_VBN variously_RB described_VBN ;_: to_TO Carnegie_NNP they_PRP are_VBP depressions_NNS on_IN the_DT surface_NN of_IN rocks_NNS ,_, often_RB with_IN a_DT rounded_JJ bottom_NN ,_, where_WRB stones_NNS are_VBP often_RB found_VBN ,_, suggesting_VBG that_IN the_DT stones_NNS have_VBP something_NN to_TO do_VB with_IN the_DT formation_NN of_IN the_DT holes_NNS ._. 

Some_DT nostalgic_JJ early_JJ Australians_NNPS deplored_JJ the_DT loss_NN in_IN our_PRP$ speech_NN of_IN English_NNP country_NN words_NNS ,_, the_DT glens_NNS and_CC streams_NNS (_( alive_JJ ,_, anyway_RB ,_, in_IN the_DT journals_NNS of_IN explorers_NNS )_) ,_, coppices_NNS and_CC brooks_NNS ,_, woods_NNS ,_, becks_NNS ,_, and_CC rivulets_NNS ._. 
Perhaps_RB these_DT words_NNS did_VBD not_RB really_RB fit_VB ._. 
We_PRP might_MD have_VB done_VBN better_JJR with_IN Arabic-speaking_NNP settlers_NNS ._. 
Wadi_NNP ,_, for_IN instance_NN ,_, would_MD describe_VB an_DT inland_RB creek_NN rather_RB well_RB ._. 
Be_VB that_IN as_IN it_PRP may_MD ,_, a_DT later_RB Australian_JJ visitor_NN to_TO English_NNP drizzle_NN might_MD feel_VB nostalgic_JJ when_WRB thinking_NN of_IN the_DT parched_VBN and_CC thirsty_JJ but_CC water-obsessed_JJ vocabulary_JJ developed_VBN in_IN the_DT drier_NN areas_NNS of_IN our_PRP$ sunburnt_NN land_NN ._. 

Favorite_NNP Grammatical_NNP Game_NNP :_: Puzzling_NNP Pronouns_NNP 
Here_RB is_VBZ a_DT game_NN just_RB made_VBD to_TO while_IN away_RB the_DT hours_NNS on_IN a_DT commuter_NN train_NN with_IN your_PRP$ favorite_JJ author_NN ,_, a_DT perfect_JJ place_NN to_TO hunt_VB for_IN Puzzling_NNP Pronouns_NNP ._. 

Fowler_NNP lists_VBZ five_CD instances_NNS where_WRB a_DT careless_JJ writer_NN can_MD go_VB wrong_JJ ._. 
There_EX is_VBZ really_RB no_DT excuse_NN ,_, Fowler_NNP says_VBZ (_( not_RB he_PRP says_VBZ !_. )_) ,_, but_CC here_RB we_PRP give_VBP examples_NNS of_IN his_PRP$ third_JJ case_NN only_RB ,_, where_WRB there_EX should_MD not_RB be_VB two_CD parties_NNS justifying_VBG even_RB a_DT momentary_JJ doubt_NN about_IN which_WDT the_DT pronoun_NN represents_VBZ ._. 
And_CC here_RB the_DT deluge_NN of_IN printed_VBN matter_NN abounds_VBZ with_IN such_JJ specimens_NNS that_IN one_CD would_MD suppose_VB them_PRP to_TO be_VB the_DT rule_NN rather_RB than_IN the_DT exceptions_NNS ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ a_DT game_NN that_WDT is_VBZ like_IN fishing_VBG in_IN a_DT barrel_NN ,_, but_CC more_JJR stimulating_VBG mentally_RB ._. 
I_PRP am_VBP not_RB picking_VBG on_IN the_DT following_JJ authors_NNS ;_: it_PRP is_VBZ just_RB a_DT random_JJ catch_NN ._. 

In_IN Thomas_NNP Hardy_NNP 's_VBZ The_DT Hand_NNP of_IN Ethelberta_NNP ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ suggested_VBN by_IN Ethelberta_NNP that_IN she_PRP and_CC some_DT others_NNS go_VBP to_TO see_VB Milton_NNP 's_POS tomb_NN in_IN Cripplegate_NNP church_NN ._. 
Her_PRP$ suitor_NN ,_, Neigh_NNP ,_, who_WP had_VBD proposed_VBN marriage_NN in_IN a_DT previous_JJ chapter_NN ,_, appears_VBZ somewhat_RB apprehensive_JJ at_IN Ethelberta_NNP 's_POS suggestion_NN ._. 
This_DT apprehension_NN is_VBZ observed_VBN by_IN a_DT Mr._NN Belmaine_NNP and_CC mistaken_VBN by_IN him_PRP for_IN an_DT indication_NN that_IN Neigh_NNP has_VBZ been_VBN dragged_VBN into_IN going_VBG to_TO the_DT church_NN against_IN his_PRP$ will_MD by_IN his_PRP$ over-hasty_JJ wife_NN ._. 
One_CD wonders_VBZ whether_IN the_DT marriage_NN had_VBD secretly_RB taken_VBN place_NN between_IN the_DT consecutive_JJ chapters_NNS !_. 
You_PRP see_VBP ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ Belmaine_NNP 's_POS wife_NN who_WP was_VBD doing_VBG the_DT dragging_VBG ._. 

Somerset_NNP Maugham_NNP was_VBD a_DT good_JJ and_CC careful_JJ grammarian_NN but_CC now_RB and_CC then_RB he_PRP slipped_VBD ._. 
In_IN The_DT Letter_NNP ,_, a_DT solicitor_NN ,_, Mr._NN Joyce_NNP ,_, is_VBZ approached_VBN by_IN a_DT Mr._NN Crosbie_NNP :_: He_PRP spoke_VBD beautiful_JJ English_NNP ,_, accenting_VBG each_DT word_NN with_IN precision_NN ,_, and_CC Mr._NN Joyce_NNP had_VBD often_RB wondered_VBD at_IN the_DT extent_NN of_IN his_PRP$ vocabulary_JJ ._. ._. ._. ._. 

Sometimes_RB I_PRP wonder_VBP about_IN the_DT extent_NN of_IN my_PRP$ own_JJ vocabulary_JJ ,_, too_RB ,_, but_CC really_RB ,_, not_RB when_WRB I_PRP 'm_VBP interviewing_VBG a_DT client_NN ._. 

From_IN The_DT Once_RB and_CC Future_NNP King_NNP ,_, by_IN T._NN H._NN White_NNP :_: Naturally_RB it_PRP was_VBD Lancelot_NNP who_WP rescued_VBD her_PRP ._. 
Sir_NNP Boss_NNP had_VBD managed_VBN to_TO find_VB him_PRP at_IN the_DT abbey_NN ,_, during_IN his_PRP$ two_CD days_NNS '_POS absence_NN ,_, and_CC now_RB he_PRP came_VBD back_RB in_IN the_DT nick_NN of_IN time_NN to_TO fight_VB Sir_NNP Mador_NNP for_IN the_DT queen_NN ._. 
Nobody_NN who_WP knew_VBD him_PRP would_MD have_VB expected_VBD him_PRP to_TO do_VB anything_NN else_RB ,_, whether_IN he_PRP had_VBD been_VBN sent_VBN away_RB in_IN disgrace_NN or_CC not—but_NN ,_, as_IN it_PRP was_VBD thought_VBN he_PRP had_VBD left_VBN the_DT country_NN ,_, his_PRP$ return_NN did_VBD have_VB a_DT dramatic_JJ quality_NN ._. 

Not_RB to_TO say_VB a_DT quality_NN of_IN confusion—pronoun-cedly_JJ so_RB ._. 

From_IN Oh_UH What_WP a_DT Paradise_NNP it_PRP Seems_VBZ ,_, by_IN John_NNP Cheever_NNP :_: The_DT size_NN of_IN Chisholm_NNP 's_POS teeth_NNS ,_, the_DT thickness_NN of_IN his_PRP$ glasses_NNS ,_, his_PRP$ stoop_NN and_CC the_DT spring_NN with_IN which_WDT he_PRP walked_VBD all_DT marked_VBD him_PRP ,_, Sears_NNP thought_VBD ,_, as_IN a_DT single-minded_JJ reformer_NN ._. 
His_PRP$ marriage_NN ,_, Sears_NNP guessed_VBD ,_, would_MD have_VB been_VBN unsuccessful_JJ and_CC his_PRP$ children_NNS would_MD have_VB difficulty_NN finding_VBG themselves_PRP ._. 

No_DT wonder_NN —_NN we_PRP 've_VBP lost_VBN them_PRP already_RB ._. 

Mark_NNP Twain_NNP poses_VBZ us_PRP a_DT little_JJ mystery_NN in_IN Pudd_NNP '_POS nhead_NN Wilson_NNP :_: which_WDT knife_NN does_VBZ the_DT killing_VBG ?_. 
Quiet_NNP now_RB ._. 
Lights_NNP ,_, action_NN :_: 
I_PRP was_VBD asleep_RB ,_, but_CC Luigi_NNP was_VBD awake_JJ ,_, and_CC he_PRP thought_VBD he_PRP detected_VBD a_DT vague_JJ form_NN nearing_VBG the_DT bed_NN ._. 
He_PRP slipped_VBD the_DT knife_NN out_IN of_IN the_DT sheath_NN and_CC was_VBD ready_JJ ,_, and_CC unembarrassed_JJ by_IN hampering_VBG bedclothes_NNS ,_, for_IN the_DT weather_NN was_VBD hot_JJ and_CC we_PRP had_VBD n't_RB any_DT ._. 
Suddenly_RB that_IN native_NN rose_VBD at_IN the_DT bedside_NN ,_, and_CC bent_NN over_IN me_PRP with_IN his_PRP$ right_JJ hand_NN lifted_VBN and_CC a_DT dirk_NN in_IN it_PRP aimed_VBD at_IN my_PRP$ throat_NN ;_: but_CC Luigi_NNP grabbed_VBD his_PRP$ wrist_NN ,_, pulled_VBD him_PRP downward_JJ ,_, and_CC drove_VBD his_PRP$ own_JJ knife_NN into_IN the_DT man_NN 's_POS neck_NN ._. 
That_DT is_VBZ the_DT whole_JJ story_NN ._. 

Well_RB ,_, was_VBD it_PRP Luigi_NNP 's_VBZ knife_NN or_CC the_DT native_NN 's_POS ?_. 
If_IN we_PRP had_VBD only_RB that_DT scene_NN to_TO go_VB by_IN we_PRP would_MD never_RB really_RB know_VB ,_, and_CC all_DT because_IN of_IN a_DT Puzzling_NNP Pronoun_NNP —_NN or_CC two_CD !_. 
Oh_UH ,_, it_PRP can_MD lead_VB one_CD to_TO a_DT rhymed_VBD couplet_NN :_: He_PRP loves_VBZ his_PRP$ brother_NN and_CC his_PRP$ wife_NN ,_, Does_VBZ he_PRP live_VBP a_DT double_JJ life_NN ?_. 

Give_VB me_PRP my_PRP$ grammatical_JJ games_NNS any_DT day_NN to_TO a_DT crossword_NN puzzle_NN ._. 

The_DT Joys_NNP and_CC Oys_NNP of_IN Yiddish_JJ 
Rabbi_NNP Robert_NNP Schenkerman_NNP 

Temple_NNP Beth_NNP Jacob_NNP 

When_WRB Isaac_NNP Bashevis_NNP Singer_NNP was_VBD awarded_VBN the_DT Nobel_NNP Prize_NNP for_IN Literature_NNP in_IN 1978_CD ,_, he_PRP remarked_VBD in_IN his_PRP$ acceptance_NN speech_NN :_: The_DT high_JJ honor_NN bestowed_VBN upon_IN me_PRP is_VBZ also_RB a_DT recognition_NN of_IN the_DT Yiddish_JJ language—a_NN language_NN of_IN exile_NN ,_, without_IN a_DT land_NN ,_, without_IN frontiers_NNS ,_, not_RB supported_VBN by_IN any_DT government_NN ,_, a_DT language_NN which_WDT possesses_VBZ no_DT words_NNS for_IN weapons_NNS ,_, ammunition_NN ,_, military_JJ exercises_NNS ,_, war_NN tactics_NNS ._. 
There_EX is_VBZ a_DT quiet_JJ humor_NN in_IN Yiddish_JJ and_CC a_DT gratitude_NN for_IN every_DT day_NN of_IN life_NN ,_, every_DT crumb_NN of_IN success_NN ,_, each_DT encounter_NN of_IN love_NN ._. 
In_IN a_DT figurative_JJ way_NN ,_, Yiddish_JJ is_VBZ the_DT wise_JJ and_CC humble_JJ language_NN of_IN us_PRP all_DT ,_, the_DT idiom_NN of_IN a_DT frightened_JJ and_CC hopeful_JJ humanity_NN ._. 

The_DT word_NN Yiddish_JJ derives_VBZ from_IN the_DT German_JJ judisch_NN `_`` Jewish_JJ ._. '_POS 
The_DT principal_JJ parent_NN of_IN Yiddish_JJ is_VBZ High_JJ German_JJ ,_, the_DT form_NN of_IN German_JJ encountered_VBN by_IN Jewish_JJ settlers_NNS from_IN northern_JJ France_NNP in_IN the_DT eleventh_NN century_NN ._. 
Yiddish_JJ is_VBZ written_VBN in_IN the_DT characters_NNS of_IN the_DT Hebrew_NNP alphabet_NN and_CC from_IN right_NN to_TO left_VBD and_CC enjoys_VBZ borrowing_NN words_NNS from_IN Russian_JJ ,_, Polish_JJ ,_, English_NNP ,_, and_CC all_PDT the_DT other_JJ languages_NNS and_CC countries_NNS along_IN the_DT routes_NNS that_IN Jews_NNPS have_VBP traveled_VBN during_IN the_DT past_JJ thousand_CD years_NNS ._. 
Journalist_NNP Charles_NNP Rappaport_NNP once_RB quipped_VBD ,_, I_PRP speak_VBP ten_CD languages—all_NN of_IN them_PRP Yiddish_JJ ._. 

Although_IN Yiddish_JJ has_VBZ been_VBN in_IN danger_NN of_IN dying_VBG out_IN for_IN hundreds_NNS of_IN years_NNS ,_, the_DT language_NN is_VBZ spoken_VBN today_NN by_IN millions_NNS of_IN people_NNS throughout_IN the_DT world—_NN Russia_NNP ,_, Poland_NNP ,_, Rumania_NNP ,_, France_NNP ,_, England_NNP ,_, Israel_NNP ,_, Africa_NNP ,_, Latin_NNP America_NNP ,_, New_NNP Zealand_NNP ,_, Australia_NNP ,_, Canada_NNP ,_, and_CC the_DT United_NNP States_NNPS ,_, where_WRB ,_, like_IN the_DT bagel_NN ,_, it_PRP was_VBD leavened_JJ on_IN both_DT coasts_NNS ,_, in_IN New_NNP York_NNP and_CC Hollywood_NNP ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ spoken_VBN even_RB in_IN Transylvania_NNP :_: A_DT beautiful_JJ girl_NN awakens_NNS in_IN bed_NN to_TO find_VB a_DT vampire_NN at_IN her_PRP$ side_NN ._. 
Quickly_NNP she_PRP holds_VBZ up_RP a_DT cross_NN ._. 
Zie_NNP gernisht_NN helfen_NN ,_, smiles_VBZ the_DT vampire_NN ._. 
Translation_NN :_: It_PRP wo_MD n't_RB do_VB you_PRP any_DT good_NN ._. 

Most_JJS of_IN us_PRP already_RB speak_VBP a_DT fair_JJ amount_NN of_IN Yiddish_JJ (_( Yinglish_NNP )_) without_IN fully_RB realizing_VBG it_PRP ._. 
Webster_NNP 's_POS Third_NNP New_NNP International_NNP Dictionary_NNP lists_NNS about_IN 500_CD Yiddish_JJ words_NNS that_WDT have_VBP become_VBN part_NN of_IN our_PRP$ everyday_JJ conversations_NNS ,_, including_VBG :_: 
cockamamy_NN (_( or_CC cockamamie_NN )_) `_`` mixed-up_JJ ,_, ridiculous_JJ ._. '_'' 
fin_NN slang_NN for_IN `_`` five-dollar_JJ bill_NN ,_, '_'' from_IN finf_NN ,_, the_DT Yiddish_JJ word_NN for_IN `_`` five_CD ._. '_'' 
gun_NN moll_NN a_DT double_JJ clipping_VBG of_IN gonif_NN 's_POS Molly_NNP ,_, Yiddish_JJ for_IN `_`` thief_NN 's_POS girl_NN ._. '_'' 
kibitzer_NN `_`` one_CD who_WP comments_VBZ ,_, often_RB in_IN the_DT form_NN of_IN unwanted_JJ advice_NN ,_, during_IN a_DT game_NN ,_, often_RB cards_NNS ._. '_'' 
mavin_NN `_`` expert_NN ._. '_'' 
mazuma_NN `_`` money_NN ._. '_'' 
mish-mosh_JJ `_`` mess_NN ._. '_'' 
schlep_NN to_TO `_`` drag_VB or_CC haul_VB ._. '_'' 
schlock_NN `_`` shoddy_JJ ,_, cheaply_RB produced_VBN merchandise_NN ._. '_'' 
schmeer_NN the_DT `_`` entire_JJ deal_NN ,_, '_'' the_DT `_`` whole_JJ package_NN ._. '_'' 
schnoz_NN slang_NN for_IN `_`` nose_NN ._. '_'' 
yenta_NN `_`` blabbermouth_NN ,_, gossip_NN ;_: woman_NN of_IN low_JJ origins_NNS ._. '_'' 

._. ._. ._. and_CC so_RB on_IN through_IN the_DT whole_JJ megillah_NN :_: `_`` long_JJ ,_, involved_VBN story_NN ._. '_'' 

A_DT number_NN of_IN poignant_JJ Yiddish_JJ words_NNS defy_VBP genuine_JJ translation_NN into_IN English_NNP :_: 
chutzpa_NN `_`` nerve_NN ;_: unmitigated_JJ gall_NN ;_: '_POS a_DT quality_NN we_PRP admire_NN within_IN ourselves_PRP ,_, but_CC never_RB in_IN others_NNS ._. 
In_IN his_PRP$ delightful_JJ study_NN ,_, The_DT Joys_NNP of_IN Yiddish_JJ (_( McGraw-Hill_NNP 1968_CD )_) ,_, Leo_NNP Rosten_NNP offers_VBZ two_CD classic_JJ definitions_NNS ._. 
Chutzpa_NNP is_VBZ that_DT quality_NN enshrined_JJ in_IN a_DT man_NN ,_, who_WP ,_, having_VBG killed_VBN his_PRP$ mother_NN and_CC father_NN ,_, throws_VBZ himself_PRP on_IN the_DT mercy_NN of_IN the_DT court_NN because_IN he_PRP is_VBZ an_DT orphan_JJ ._. 
A_DT chutzpanik_NN may_MD be_VB defined_VBN as_IN the_DT man_NN who_WP shouts_VBZ `_`` Help_VB !_. Help_VB !_. '_POS while_IN beating_NN you_PRP up_RP ._. 
mensch_NN a_DT `_`` real_JJ authentic_JJ human_JJ being—a_NN person_NN ._. '_POS 
naches_NNS the_DT `_`` glow_NN of_IN pleasure-plus-pride_JJ that_IN only_RB a_DT child_NN can_MD give_VB to_TO its_PRP$ parents_NNS '_POS :_: This_DT is_VBZ my_PRP$ son_NN ,_, the_DT Doctor_NNP !_. 
oy_NN not_RB so_RB much_JJ a_DT word_NN as_IN an_DT entire_JJ vocabulary_JJ ,_, as_IN Rosten_NNP observes_VBZ :_: can_MD express_VB any_DT emotion_NN ,_, from_IN trivial_JJ delight_NN to_TO the_DT blackest_JJS woe_NN ._. 
oy_NN vay_NN ;_: oy_NN vay_NN in_IN mir_NN literally_RB ,_, Oh_UH ,_, pain_NN ,_, but_CC ,_, in_IN its_PRP$ long_JJ or_CC short_JJ form_NN ,_, can_MD be_VB used_VBN for_IN anything_NN from_IN condolence_NN to_TO lament_NN :_: 
On_IN August_NNP 6_CD ,_, 1945_CD ,_, the_DT world_NN 's_POS first_JJ nuclear_JJ weapon_NN was_VBD dropped_VBN on_IN Hiroshima_NNP ,_, Japan_NNP ._. 
Two_CD hundred_CD and_CC eighty-two_CD thousand_CD human_JJ beings_NNS died_VBD and_CC tens_NNS of_IN thousands_NNS more_JJR were_VBD left_VBN burned_VBN ,_, maimed_JJ ,_, and_CC homeless_JJ ._. 
[_NN Albert_NNP ]_NN Einstein_NNP ,_, whose_WP$ letter_NN to_TO Roosevelt_NNP had_VBD initiated_VBN the_DT American_JJ effort_NN that_WDT resulted_VBD in_IN the_DT atom_NN bomb_NN and_CC whose_WP$ special_JJ theory_NN of_IN relativity_NN formed_VBD its_PRP$ theoretical_JJ basis_NN ,_, heard_VBD the_DT news_NN on_IN the_DT radio_NN ._. 
For_IN a_DT long_JJ time_NN he_PRP could_MD only_RB find_VB two_CD Yiddish_JJ words_NNS traditionally_RB used_VBN by_IN Jews_NNPS in_IN such_JJ circumstances_NNS :_: Oi_NNP vey_NN ._. 
—_NN The_DT Little_NNP ,_, Brown_NNP Book_NNP of_IN Anecdotes_NNP 
tsuris_NNS the_DT gamut_NN of_IN painful_JJ emotions—some_NN real_JJ ,_, some_DT imagined_VBD ,_, some_DT self-inflicted_JJ ._. 

Yiddish_JJ is_VBZ especially_RB versatile_NN in_IN describing_VBG those_DT poor_JJ souls_NNS who_WP inhabit_VBP the_DT world_NN of_IN the_DT ineffectual_JJ ,_, and_CC each_DT is_VBZ assigned_VBN a_DT distinct_JJ place_NN in_IN the_DT gallery_NN of_IN pathetic_JJ types_NNS :_: schmo_NN ,_, schmendrik_NN ,_, schnook_NN ,_, schmegegge_NN ,_, schlep_NN ,_, schlub_NN ,_, schmuck_NN ,_, putz_NN ,_, klutz_NN ,_, kvetch_NN ,_, and_CC nudnik_NN ._. 
Yiddish_JJ easily_RB coins_NNS new_JJ names_NNS for_IN new_JJ personalities_NNS :_: a_DT nudnik_NN is_VBZ a_DT `_`` pest_NN '_'' ;_: a_DT phudnik_NN is_VBZ a_DT `_`` nudnik_NN with_IN a_DT Ph.D._NN '_POS 
The_DT rich_JJ nuances_NNS that_WDT suffuse_NN this_DT roll_NN call_NN are_VBP seen_VBN in_IN the_DT timeless_JJ distinction_NN between_IN a_DT schlemiel_NN `_`` clumsy_JJ jerk_NN '_'' and_CC a_DT schlimazel_NN `_`` habitual_NN loser_NN '_'' :_: the_DT schlemiel_NN inevitably_RB trips_NNS and_CC spills_VBZ his_PRP$ hot_JJ soup—all_NN over_IN the_DT schlimazel_NN ._. 
(_( And_CC the_DT nebbish_NN is_VBZ the_DT one_CD who_WP has_VBZ to_TO clean_VB it_PRP up_RP ._. )_) 

The_DT Yiddish_JJ language_NN ,_, through_IN its_PRP$ color_NN ,_, its_PRP$ target-accurate_JJ expressions_NNS ,_, its_PRP$ raw_JJ idioms_NNS ,_, and_CC its_PRP$ sayings_NNS exudes_NNS a_DT refreshing_JJ magic_NN and_CC laughter_NN ,_, mixed_VBN with_IN sober_JJ thought_NN ,_, that_WDT has_VBZ been_VBN handed_VBN down_RB from_IN generation_NN to_TO generation_NN and_CC from_IN nation_NN to_TO nation_NN ._. 
Yiddish_JJ never_RB apologizes_VBZ for_IN what_WP it_PRP is—the_NN earthy_JJ ,_, wise_JJ soul_NN of_IN an_DT expressive_JJ people_NNS learning_VBG that_DT life_NN is_VBZ but_CC a_DT mingled_JJ yarn_NN ,_, good_JJ and_CC ill_JJ together_RB ._. 

Which_WDT reminds_VBZ us_PRP of_IN the_DT zaftig_NN `_`` buxom_NN ,_, well-rounded_JJ '_POS blonde_JJ who_WP wore_VBD an_DT enormous_JJ diamond_NN to_TO a_DT charity_NN ball_NN ._. 
It_PRP happens_VBZ to_TO be_VB the_DT third_JJ most_RBS famous_JJ diamond_NN in_IN the_DT whole_JJ world_NN ,_, she_PRP boasted_VBD ._. 
The_DT first_JJ is_VBZ the_DT Hope_NNP diamond_NN ,_, then_RB comes_VBZ the_DT Kohinoor_NNP ,_, and_CC then_RB comes_VBZ this_DT one_CD ,_, which_WDT is_VBZ called_VBN the_DT Lipschitz_NNP ._. 

What_WP a_DT stone_NN !_. 
How_WRB lucky_JJ you_PRP are_VBP !_. 

Wait_VB ,_, wait_VB ,_, said_VBD the_DT lady_NN ._. 
Nothing_NN in_IN life_NN is_VBZ all_DT mazel_NN [_NN `_`` good_JJ luck_NN '_'' ]_NN ._. 
Unfortunately_RB ,_, with_IN this_DT famous_JJ Lipschitz_NNP diamond_NN comes_VBZ also_RB the_DT famous_JJ Lipschitz_NNP curse_NN ._. 

The_DT other_JJ women_NNS gasped_VBD and_CC asked_VBD ,_, And_CC what_WP is_VBZ the_DT famous_JJ Lipschitz_NNP curse_NN ?_. 

Lipschitz_NNP ,_, sighed_VBD the_DT lady_NN ._. 

The_DT Women_NNP 's_POS History_NN of_IN the_DT Word_NNP 
Those_DT who_WP are_VBP not_RB familiar_JJ with_IN feminist_JJ writings_NNS may_MD find_VB it_PRP useful_JJ and_CC interesting_JJ to_TO consider_VB a_DT book_NN ,_, recently_RB published_VBN in_IN Britain_NNP ,_, that_WDT is_VBZ typical_JJ of_IN the_DT harsher_JJR brand_NN of_IN such_JJ works_NNS ._. 
The_DT work_NN in_IN question_NN offers_VBZ nothing_NN regarding_VBG language_NN ,_, so_RB its_PRP$ review_NN here_RB is_VBZ ancillary_JJ to_TO the_DT main_JJ function_NN of_IN VERBATIM_NNP ._. 
The_DT feminist_JJ movement_NN is_VBZ very_RB much_RB alive_JJ in_IN Britain_NNP ,_, and_CC the_DT Greenham_NNP Common_NNP Women_NNP are_VBP probably_RB largely_RB responsible_JJ for_IN much_JJ of_IN the_DT national_JJ sentiment_NN against_IN the_DT Cruise_NNP missiles_NNS installed_VBN at_IN an_DT American_JJ base_NN near_IN that_DT village_NN ._. 
In_IN Britain_NNP ,_, as_IN elsewhere_RB ,_, most_JJS books_NNS by_IN feminist_JJ writers_NNS are_VBP reviewed_VBN by_IN women_NNS ,_, usually_RB feminists_NNS ._. 
Men_NN are_VBP seldom_RB assigned_VBN to_TO review_VB them_PRP ,_, possibly_RB because_IN the_DT editor_NN fears_NNS that_IN they_PRP will_MD be_VB either_CC ignorant_NN of_IN or_CC unsympathetic_JJ to_TO the_DT issues_NNS raised_VBD ,_, if_IN not_RB biased_VBN against_IN them_PRP ,_, or_CC because_IN the_DT editor_NN is_VBZ a_DT woman_NN ._. 
Because_IN writing_VBG an_DT unfavorable_JJ review_NN of_IN a_DT (_( bad_JJ )_) feminist_JJ book_NN would_MD be_VB tantamount_JJ to_TO treachery_NN ,_, such_JJ books_NNS are_VBP often_RB unjustifiably_RB praised_VBD ,_, as_IN was_VBD the_DT case_NN with_IN this_DT work_NN by_IN Rosalind_NNP Miles_NNP ,_, which_WDT was_VBD well_RB received_VBN on_IN its_PRP$ publication_NN in_IN June_NNP ._. 

According_VBG to_TO the_DT blurb_NN on_IN the_DT dust_NN jacket_NN of_IN this_DT distinctly_RB unpleasant_JJ book_NN ,_, Rosalind_NNP Miles_NNP is_VBZ head_NN of_IN the_DT Centre_NNP for_IN Women_NNP 's_POS Studies_NNPS at_IN Coventry_NNP Polytechnic_NNP ,_, a_DT lecturer_NN ,_, broadcaster_NN ,_, journalist_NN ,_, and_CC author_NN of_IN several_JJ other_JJ books_NNS ,_, including_VBG a_DT highly_RB acclaimed_JJ biography_NN of_IN Ben_NNP Jonson_NNP ._. 
One_CD might_MD like_VB to_TO believe_VB that_IN this_DT gives_VBZ her_PRP$ the_DT cachet_NN of_IN authoritative_JJ scholarship_NN ,_, but_CC the_DT text_NN does_VBZ not_RB bear_VB out_RP the_DT promise_NN ._. 

For_IN the_DT most_JJS part_NN ,_, the_DT book_NN consists_VBZ of_IN a_DT rewriting_VBG of_IN history_NN ,_, from_IN the_DT dawn_NN of_IN time_NN ,_, with_IN the_DT purpose_NN of_IN demonstrating_VBG two_CD main_JJ themes_NNS :_: the_DT fact_NN that_IN women_NNS were_VBD responsible_JJ for_IN all_PDT the_DT important_JJ contributions_NNS to_TO the_DT advancement_NN of_IN civilization_NN (_( as_IN the_DT development_NN of_IN agriculture_NN ,_, for_IN instance_NN )_) ,_, often_RB despite_IN the_DT arrogance_NN and_CC stupidity_NN of_IN men_NNS ;_: and_CC the_DT fact_NN that_IN women_NNS have_VBP long_RB been_VBN subjected_VBN to_TO domination_NN by_IN men_NNS ._. 
Miles_NNP suggests_VBZ that_IN such_JJ domination_NN is_VBZ a_DT recent_JJ phenomenon—only_RB a_DT couple_NN of_IN thousand_CD years_NNS old—for_NN she_PRP points_VBZ to_TO the_DT clear_JJ superiority_NN of_IN women_NNS in_IN (_( primitive_JJ )_) religions_NNS and_CC matriarchies_NNS ,_, right_NN on_IN through_IN to_TO the_DT Egyptian_JJ dynastic_JJ rulers_NNS ._. 
At_IN one_CD point_NN ,_, she_PRP gets_VBZ so_RB carried_VBN away_RB with_IN her_PRP$ thesis_NN that_IN she_PRP suggests_VBZ that_IN females_NNS were_VBD responsible_JJ not_RB only_RB for_IN all_DT of_IN human_JJ evolutionary_JJ biology_NN but_CC for_IN the_DT very_JJ notion_NN of_IN counting_VBG (_( in_IN order_NN to_TO keep_VB track_NN of_IN menstruation_NN )_) and_CC ,_, probably_RB by_IN the_DT same_JJ token_JJ ,_, astronomy_NN ._. 
She_PRP quotes_VBZ (_( and_CC ,_, presumably_RB ,_, accepts_VBZ )_) another_DT source_NN which_WDT holds_VBZ that_DT woman_NN first_RB awakened_VBN in_IN humankind_NN the_DT capacity_NN to_TO recognize_VB abstracts_NNS ._. 
If_IN you_PRP believe_VBP that_DT balderdash_NN ,_, you_PRP 'll_MD believe_VB anything_NN ._. 

In_IN the_DT good_JJ old_JJ days_NNS ,_, we_PRP were_VBD taught_VBN that_IN the_DT pyramids_NNS were_VBD built_VBN by_IN tens_NNS of_IN thousands_NNS of_IN slaves_NNS ._. 
Recent_JJ speculation_NN has_VBZ it_PRP that_IN they_PRP were_VBD not_RB slaves_NNS but—what_NN would_MD one_CD call_VB them_PRP ?_. —_NN ordinary_JJ laborers_NNS ._. 
Here_RB comes_VBZ Miles_NNP ,_, authoritatively_RB quoting_VBG Diodorus_NNP ,_, the_DT Greek_JJ historian_NN ,_, who_WP recorded_VBD (_( 60_CD -_: 30_CD BC_NNP )_) that_IN innocent_JJ women_NNS even_RB swelled_VBD the_DT ranks_NNS of_IN pitiful_JJ slaves_NNS whose_WP$ forced_VBN labour_NN built_VBD the_DT pyramids_NNS :_: 
._. ._. ._. bound_VBN in_IN fetters_NNS ,_, they_PRP work_VBP continually_RB without_IN being_VBG allowed_VBD any_DT rest_NN by_IN night_NN or_CC day_NN ._. 
They_PRP have_VBP not_RB a_DT rag_NN to_TO cover_VB their_PRP$ nakedness_NNS ,_, and_CC neither_DT the_DT weakness_NN of_IN age_NN nor_CC women_NNS 's_POS infirmities_NNS are_VBP any_DT plea_NN to_TO excuse_VB them_PRP ,_, but_CC they_PRP are_VBP driven_VBN by_IN blows_NNS until_IN they_PRP drop_VBP dead_JJ ._. 
[_NN p_NN .49_CD ]_NN 

As_IN the_DT pyramids_NNS were_VBD already_RB about_IN 2500_CD years_NNS old_JJ when_WRB Diodorus_NNP wrote_VBD his_PRP$ World_NNP History_NN ,_, one_CD is_VBZ given_VBN to_TO wonder_VB what_WP his_PRP$ authority_NN might_MD have_VB been_VBN for_IN such_JJ a_DT vivid_JJ description_NN ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ even_RB less_RBR comprehensible_JJ how_WRB a_DT modern_JJ researcher_NN could_MD accept_VB it_PRP and_CC have_VBP the_DT effrontery_NN to_TO promulgate_NN it_PRP ._. 
Miles_NNP 's_POS book_NN is_VBZ riddled_JJ with_IN many_JJ similar_JJ distortions_NNS ,_, convenient_JJ omissions_NNS ,_, and_CC generalizations_NNS :_: 
._. ._. ._. Women_NNP have_VBP always_RB commanded_VBN over_IN half_PDT the_DT sum_NN total_NN of_IN human_JJ intelligence_NN and_CC creativity_NN ._. 
From_IN the_DT poet_NN Sappho_NNP ,_, who_WP in_IN the_DT sixth_JJ century_NN BC_NNP was_VBD the_DT first_JJ to_TO use_VB the_DT lyric_NN to_TO write_VB subjectively_RB and_CC explore_VB the_DT range_NN of_IN female_JJ experience_NN ,_, to_TO the_DT Chinese_JJ polymath_NN Pan_NNP Chao_NNP (_( Ban_NNP Zhao_NNP )_) ,_, who_WP flourished_VBD around_IN AD_NNP 100_CD as_IN historian_NN ,_, poet_NN ,_, astronomer_NN ,_, mathematician_NN and_CC educationalist_NN ,_, the_DT range_NN is_VBZ startling_JJ ._. 
In_IN every_DT field_NN ,_, women_NNS too_RB numerous_JJ to_TO list_NN were_VBD involved_VBN in_IN developing_VBG knowledge_NN and_CC contributing_VBG to_TO the_DT welfare_NN of_IN their_PRP$ societies_NNS as_IN they_PRP did_VBD so_RB :_: the_DT Roman_NNP Fabiola_NNP established_VBD a_DT hospital_NN where_WRB she_PRP worked_VBD both_DT as_JJ nurse_NN and_CC doctor_NN ,_, becoming_VBG the_DT first_JJ known_VBN woman_NN surgeon_NN before_IN she_PRP died_VBD in_IN AD_NNP 399_CD ._. 
[_NN p_NN .52_CD ]_NN 

Earlier_RBR ,_, on_IN page_NN 49_CD ,_, we_PRP learnt_NN about_IN Agnodice_NNP ,_, who_WP lived_VBD to_TO become_VB the_DT world_NN 's_POS first_RB known_VBN woman_NN gynaecologist_NN ,_, in_IN the_DT fourth_JJ century_NN BC_NNP ._. 
Clearly_RB ,_, this_DT rosily_RB checkered_JJ past_RB was_VBD soon_RB to_TO be_VB replaced_VBN ,_, chiefly_RB ,_, it_PRP seems_VBZ ,_, as_IN Judeo-_NNP Christian-_NNP Islamic-_NNP Confucian-_NNP Buddhist_NNP cultures_NNS flourished_VBN ._. 
It_PRP was_VBD not_RB too_RB bad_JJ early_RB on_IN ,_, when_WRB ,_, according_VBG to_TO Miles_NNP ,_, the_DT seven_CD Maccabean_NNP martyrs_NNS who_WP saved_VBD Judaism_NNP did_VBD so_RB only_RB at_IN the_DT instigation_NN of_IN their_PRP$ mother_NN ._. 
Miles_NNP continues_VBZ :_: 
In_IN early_JJ Christianity_NNP likewise_RB ,_, women_NNS found_VBD not_RB merely_RB a_DT role_NN ,_, but_CC an_DT instrument_NN of_IN resistance_NN to_TO male_JJ domination_NN ;_: in_IN choosing_VBG to_TO be_VB a_DT bride_NN of_IN Christ_NNP they_PRP inevitably_RB cocked_JJ a_DT snook_NN at_IN lesser_JJR male_JJ fry_NN ._. 
Thousands_NNS of_IN young_JJ women_NNS helped_VBD to_TO build_VB the_DT church_NN of_IN God_NNP with_IN their_PRP$ body_NN ,_, blood_NN and_CC bones_NNS when_WRB frenzied_JJ fathers_NNS ,_, husbands_NNS or_CC fiancés_NNS preferred_VBN to_TO see_VB them_PRP die_VB by_IN fire_NN ,_, sword_NN or_CC the_DT fangs_NNS of_IN wild_JJ beasts_NNS rather_RB than_IN live_VB to_TO flout_NN [_NN sic_JJ ]_NN the_DT duty_NN and_CC destiny_NN of_IN womanhood_NN ._. 
[_NN p_NN .63_CD ]_NN 

But_CC the_DT situation_NN soon_RB deteriorated_VBD :_: 
Even_RB St._NN Paul_NNP ,_, later_RB the_DT unregenerate_NN prophet_NN of_IN female_JJ inferiority_NN ,_, was_VBD forced_VBN to_TO acknowledge_VB the_DT help_NN he_PRP received_VBD from_IN Lydia_NNP ,_, the_DT seller_NN of_IN purple_JJ dyes_NNS in_IN Philippi_NNP ._. 
[_NN ibid_NN ._. ]_NN 

This_DT rewriting_VBG of_IN history_NN is_VBZ punctuated_JJ by_IN an_DT array_NN of_IN four-letter_JJ invectives_NNS applied_VBN to_TO males_NNS and_CC by_IN adjectives_NNS like_IN brilliant_JJ ,_, unusual_JJ ,_, inspiring_JJ ,_, and_CC so_RB forth_RB to_TO women_NNS ._. 
Citing_VBG a_DT Judaic_NNP law-book_JJ of_IN the_DT 16_CD th_NN century_NN which_WDT identified_VBD a_DT woman_NN for_IN the_DT days_NNS preceding_VBG ,_, during_IN ,_, and_CC following_VBG her_PRP$ period_NN as_IN niddah_NN `_`` impure_NN ,_, '_'' Miles_NNP has_VBZ the_DT lack_NN of_IN taste_NN to_TO write_VB the_DT following_VBG :_: ._. 
As_IN a_DT final_JJ stroke_NN ,_, in_IN a_DT grim_JJ foreshadowing_VBG of_IN what_WP the_DT future_JJ held_VBN in_IN store_NN for_IN the_DT Jews_NNPS ,_, the_DT niddah_NN had_VBD to_TO wear_VB special_JJ clothing_NN as_IN a_DT badge_NN of_IN her_PRP$ separate_JJ and_CC despised_VBN status_NN ._. 
[_NN p_NN .83_CD ]_NN 

Here_RB and_CC there_RB in_IN this_DT morass_NN of_IN misunderstanding_VBG ,_, Miles_NNP treads_VBZ on_IN solid_JJ ground_NN if_IN one_CD can_MD agree_VB with_IN the_DT eminent_JJ anthropologist_NN Joseph_NNP Campbell_NNP ._. 
Campbell_NNP ,_, known_VBN for_IN his_PRP$ extensive_JJ analyses_NNS of_IN the_DT world_NN 's_POS mythologies_NNS ,_, religions_NNS ,_, and_CC cultures_NNS ,_, noted_VBD the_DT marked_VBN bias_NN against_IN women_NNS emerging_VBG from_IN Judaic_NNP concepts_NNS ,_, later_RB reinforced_VBN by_IN Christian_NNP and_CC Islamic_NNP doctrine_NN ._. 
Most_JJS of_IN the_DT religions_NNS of_IN the_DT world_NN connected_VBN woman_NN with_IN mother_NN earth_NN ,_, fertility_NN ,_, and_CC all_PDT the_DT other_JJ progenetic_JJ and_CC nurturing_VBG associations_NNS ,_, and_CC this_DT was_VBD borne_VBN out_IN in_IN the_DT cultures_NNS of_IN the_DT people_NNS ._. 
According_VBG to_TO Campbell_NNP ,_, the_DT only_JJ godlike_NN female_JJ figure_NN in_IN the_DT Bible_NNP is_VBZ the_DT Virgin_NNP Mary_NNP ,_, and_CC she_PRP appears_VBZ ,_, identified_VBN as_IN virgin_JJ ,_, only_RB in_IN the_DT Gospel_NNP according_VBG to_TO Luke_NNP ._. 
As_IN Luke_NNP was_VBD a_DT Greek_JJ ,_, Campbell_NNP suggested_VBD that_IN Mary_NNP was_VBD a_DT carryover_NN from_IN the_DT paganism_NN of_IN the_DT ancient_JJ Greek_JJ pantheon_NN ._. 
Although_IN this_DT might_MD help_VB explain_VB the_DT Judeo-_NNP Christian-_NNP Muslim_NNP tendencies_NNS to_TO subjugate_NN women_NNS ,_, treating_VBG them_PRP essentially_RB as_IN chattel_NN ,_, it_PRP does_VBZ not_RB account_VB for_IN a_DT similar_JJ treatment_NN accorded_VBD them_PRP in_IN other_JJ cultures_NNS ,_, notably_RB that_IN of_IN Japan_NNP ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ not_RB entirely_RB clear_JJ whether_IN Campbell_NNP was_VBD commenting_VBG on_IN Hinduism_NNP ,_, Buddhism_NNP ,_, etc._NN as_IN they_PRP once_RB existed_VBD ,_, conceptually_RB ,_, for_IN it_PRP is_VBZ unlikely_JJ that_IN he_PRP could_MD have_VB ignored_VBN the_DT treatment_NN of_IN women_NNS in_IN the_DT modern_JJ reflexes_NNS of_IN the_DT cultures_NNS adhering_VBG to_TO those_DT religous_JJ precepts_NNS ._. 

Campbell_NNP held_VBD that_IN the_DT ancient_JJ mythologies_NNS and_CC religions_NNS are_VBP allegorical_JJ and_CC that_IN there_EX was_VBD no_DT real_JJ distinction_NN between_IN gods_NNS and_CC goddesses_NNS ,_, who_WP were_VBD given_VBN sexual_JJ identity_NN when_WRB in_IN human_JJ form_NN only_RB to_TO make_VB them_PRP more_RBR meaningful_JJ ._. 
With_IN all_DT respect_NN ,_, that_WDT seems_VBZ a_DT highly_RB debatable_JJ issue_NN and_CC one_CD far_RB too_RB complex_JJ for_IN this_DT discussion_NN ,_, though_IN we_PRP can_MD certainly_RB trace_VB a_DT diminution_NN in_IN the_DT role_NN of_IN female_JJ divinities_NNS (_( or_CC divinity_NN )_) when_WRB we_PRP come_VBP to_TO examine_VB Judaism_NNP and_CC its_PRP$ congeners_NNS and_CC progeny_NN ._. 
Other_JJ debatable_JJ aspects_NNS are_VBP the_DT questions_NNS of_IN whether_IN the_DT debasement_NN of_IN women_NNS is_VBZ a_DT reflection_NN of_IN the_DT theology_NN or_CC the_DT ritual_NN ,_, whether_IN the_DT scripture_NN of_IN any_DT religion_NN should_MD be_VB understood_VBN allegorically_RB or_CC literally_RB ,_, and_CC so_RB forth_RB ._. 
If_IN there_EX is_VBZ something_NN wrong_JJ ,_, it_PRP behooves_NNS us_PRP to_TO get_VB at_IN the_DT roots_NNS of_IN the_DT problem_NN ,_, not_RB to_TO flail_NN about_IN wildly_RB ,_, for_IN only_RB after_IN the_DT source_NN of_IN a_DT disease_NN has_VBZ been_VBN identified_VBN can_MD one_CD properly_RB investigate_VB its_PRP$ cure_NN ._. 

History_NN according_VBG to_TO Rosalind_NNP Miles_NNP blasts_NNS away_RB at_IN the_DT symptoms_NNS in_IN a_DT misconceived_JJ notion_NN that_IN alleviating_VBG them_PRP will_MD effect_VB a_DT cure_NN of_IN the_DT disease_NN ._. 
In_IN this_DT jeremiad_NN ,_, males_NNS are_VBP viewed_VBN as_IN the_DT enemy_NN ,_, and_CC are_VBP so_RB characterized_VBN throughout_IN the_DT book_NN ,_, which_WDT concludes_VBZ with_IN exhortations_NNS to_TO engage_VB the_DT foe_NN and_CC a_DT strident_JJ call_NN to_TO arms_NNS (_( though_IN not_RB men_NNS 's_POS )_) ._. 

Laurence_NNP Urdang_NNP 

Archaeology_NNP &_CC Language_NNP 
[_NN A_DT VERBATIM_NNP Book_NNP Club_NNP Selection_NN ._. ]_NN 

Just_RB when_WRB you_PRP thought_VBD it_PRP was_VBD safe_JJ to_TO assume_VB that_IN we_PRP now_RB know_VBP all_DT we_PRP are_VBP ever_RB likely_JJ to_TO know_VB about_IN the_DT past_NN ,_, someone_NN digs_VBZ another_DT hole_NN and_CC unearths_NNS (_( literally_RB or_CC figuratively_RB )_) some_DT ancient_JJ artifact_NN :_: one_CD day_NN it_PRP is_VBZ a_DT fragile_JJ scroll_NN ,_, found_VBD in_IN a_DT cave_NN near_IN the_DT Dead_NNP Sea_NNP ,_, that_WDT turns_VBZ out_IN to_TO be_VB pre-_NN Biblical_NNP ;_: the_DT next_JJ day_NN it_PRP is_VBZ an_DT entire_JJ terracotta_NN army_NN of_IN Chinese_JJ soldiers_NNS :_: the_DT next_JJ it_PRP is_VBZ a_DT skull_NN ,_, excavated_VBN from_IN the_DT Olduvai_NNP Gorge_NNP ,_, that_WDT compels_VBZ anthropologists_NNS (_( once_RB again_RB )_) to_TO revise_VB their_PRP$ guesses_NNS about_IN the_DT earliest_JJS stages_NNS of_IN Homo_NN sapiens_JJ sapiens_JJ vs_NNS hominids_NNS ._. 
Most_JJS of_IN the_DT relies_VBZ from_IN the_DT past_JJ are_VBP gone_VBN forever_RB ,_, destroyed_VBN by_IN the_DT plows_VBZ of_IN countless_JJ generations_NNS of_IN farmers_NNS ,_, reduced_VBN to_TO rubble_NN by_IN erosion_NN ,_, by_IN conquerors_NNS ,_, by_IN prehistoric_JJ (_( and_CC modern_JJ )_) urban_JJ developers_NNS ,_, by_IN fire_NN and_CC flood_NN ,_, and_CC just_RB by_IN time_NN ._. 
Many_JJ ,_, we_PRP may_MD hope_VB ,_, have_VB not_RB yet_RB been_VBN found_VBN ._. 
The_DT interest_NN in_IN man_NN 's_POS forebears_NNS did_VBD not_RB become_VB fashionable_JJ upon_IN the_DT publication_NN ,_, a_DT few_JJ years_NNS ago_RB ,_, of_IN Roots_NNP :_: on_IN a_DT far_RB larger_JJR scale_NN ,_, we_PRP have_VBP been_VBN trying_VBG to_TO discover_VB all_DT we_PRP can_MD about_IN the_DT origins_NNS not_RB of_IN men_NNS but_CC of_IN man_NN ._. 
Strange_JJ to_TO say_VB ,_, however_RB ,_, that_DT interest_NN does_VBZ not_RB seem_VB to_TO be_VB more_JJR than_IN a_DT few_JJ hundred_CD years_NNS old_JJ :_: if_IN the_DT ancient_JJ Greeks_NNPS and_CC Romans_NNP ,_, the_DT Indians_NNPS ,_, the_DT Chinese_JJ and_CC other_JJ peoples_NNS were_VBD curious_JJ about_IN their_PRP$ own_JJ prehistory_NN ,_, I_PRP have_VBP not_RB heard_VBN of_IN it_PRP ._. 
Perhaps_RB the_DT fascination_NN with_IN man_NN 's_POS past_RB grew_VBD out_IN of_IN the_DT obsession_NN with_IN ruins_NNS evinced_VBN by_IN Romanticism_NNP ;_: certainly_RB ,_, modern_JJ archaeology_NN seems_VBZ to_TO have_VB followed_VBN close_VB behind_RB ,_, for_IN the_DT excavation_NN of_IN the_DT supposed_VBN site_NN of_IN Troy_NNP took_VBD place_NN only_RB about_IN 100_CD years_NNS ago_RB ._. 
Perhaps_RB it_PRP is_VBZ just_RB as_IN well_RB ,_, for_IN only_RB by_IN the_DT means_NNS available_JJ to_TO modern_JJ science_NN are_VBP we_PRP now_RB able_JJ to_TO preserve_VB some_DT of_IN the_DT artifacts_NNS that_IN we_PRP find_VBP and_CC ,_, through_IN radiocarbon_NN dating_VBG ,_, determine_VB their_PRP$ approximate_JJ age_NN ._. 

Archaeology_NNP is_VBZ a_DT popular_JJ pursuit_NN ,_, and_CC its_PRP$ manifest_JJ results_NNS not_RB only_RB receive_VB considerable_JJ publicity_NN but_CC can_MD be_VB seen_VBN in_IN museums_NNS ._. 
Not_RB so_RB paleolinguistics_NNS ,_, or_CC the_DT reconstruction_NN of_IN ancient_JJ languages_NNS ._. 
Even_RB the_DT remnants_NNS we_PRP have_VBP from_IN early_JJ languages_NNS that_WDT had_VBD a_DT writing_VBG system_NN are_VBP relatively_RB sparse_NN :_: Classical_NNP Latin_NNP and_CC Greek_JJ ,_, Hebrew_NNP ,_, and_CC a_DT few_JJ other_JJ languages_NNS are_VBP better_RBR documented_VBN than_IN others_NNS ;_: but_CC for_IN most_JJS all_DT we_PRP have_VBP to_TO go_VB on_IN are_VBP a_DT handful_NN of_IN tablets_NNS here_RB ,_, a_DT few_JJ inscriptions_NNS there_RB ,_, barely_RB enough_RB in_IN many_JJ cases_NNS to_TO allow_VB us_PRP to_TO identify_VB the_DT language_NN ,_, let_VB alone_RB draw_VB any_DT conclusions_NNS regarding_VBG its_PRP$ structure_NN or_CC meaning_VBG ._. 
Perhaps_RB one_CD day_NN we_PRP shall_MD find_VB an_DT Etruscan_NNP library_NN ,_, buried_VBD deep_JJ in_IN the_DT Italian_JJ countryside_NN ;_: but_CC for_IN the_DT present_NN ,_, we_PRP have_VBP to_TO make_VB do_VBP with_IN what_WP we_PRP have_VBP ,_, which_WDT is_VBZ precious_JJ little_JJ ._. 
About_IN languages_NNS that_WDT had_VBD no_DT writing_VBG system_NN ,_, we_PRP know_VBP nothing_NN at_IN all_DT ._. 
But_CC some_DT very_RB clever_JJ comparative_JJ linguists_NNS ,_, beginning_VBG in_IN Germany_NNP in_IN the_DT 19_CD th_NN century_NN ,_, theorized_VBD about_IN how_WRB the_DT nature_NN of_IN the_DT ancestors_NNS of_IN the_DT more_RBR modern_JJ tongues_NNS ._. 
In_IN some_DT instances_NNS ,_, ancient_JJ languages_NNS have_VBP been_VBN decoded_JJ ,_, some_DT from_IN multilingual_NN inscriptions_NNS ._. 
The_DT work_NN of_IN Jean_NNP Francois_NNP Champollion_NNP (_( 1790_CD -_: 1832_CD )_) in_IN deciphering_VBG hieroglyphics_NNS from_IN the_DT Rosetta_NNP Stone_NNP was_VBD an_DT astonishing_JJ accomplishment_NN ,_, for_IN it_PRP enabled_VBD us_PRP to_TO read_VB the_DT myriad_JJ writings_NNS of_IN the_DT ancient_JJ Egyptians_NNP on_IN papyrus_JJ and_CC in_IN wall_NN inscriptions_NNS and_CC revealed_VBD an_DT enormous_JJ amount_NN of_IN the_DT knowledge_NN we_PRP have_VBP today_NN about_IN their_PRP$ civilization_NN ,_, which_WDT lasted_VBD for_IN about_IN 2600_CD years_NNS ._. 
Another_DT significant_JJ break-through_JJ was_VBD that_IN of_IN Michael_NNP Ventris_NNP (_( 1922_CD -_: 1956_CD )_) ,_, who_WP deciphered_JJ the_DT Linear_NNP B_NNP script_NN found_VBD on_IN Crete_NNP and_CC identified_VBD it_PRP as_IN an_DT early_JJ form_NN of_IN Greek_JJ ._. 
From_IN the_DT standpoint_NN of_IN language_NN ,_, Ventris_NNP 's_POS work_NN was_VBD more_RBR important_JJ ,_, particularly_RB because_IN it_PRP filled_VBD in_IN a_DT gap_NN in_IN our_PRP$ knowledge_NN of_IN the_DT early_JJ states_NNS of_IN Indo-_NNP European_JJ languages_NNS ._. 

Many_JJ years_NNS ago_RB ,_, a_DT linguistic_JJ scholar_NN counted_VBD all_DT of_IN the_DT languages_NNS then_RB spoken_VBN of_IN which_WDT he_PRP had_VBD evidence_NN ._. 
The_DT total_NN was_VBD approximately_RB 2800_CD ,_, but_CC that_DT is_VBZ probably_RB only_RB a_DT vague_JJ estimate_NN :_: he_PRP undoubtedly_RB missed_VBD some_DT ;_: some_DT have_VBP sprung_VBN up_RP since_IN his_PRP$ time_NN (_( modern_JJ Hebrew_NNP ,_, for_IN instance_NN )_) ;_: and_CC some_DT have_VBP vanished_VBN ._. 
The_DT exact_JJ count_NN is_VBZ unimportant_JJ and_CC ,_, at_IN best_JJS ,_, spurious_JJ ,_, for_IN it_PRP is_VBZ extremely_RB difficult_JJ to_TO establish_VB uniform_NN criteria_NNS for_IN what_WP distinguishes_NNS dialect_NN from_IN language_NN ._. 
Then_RB ,_, too_RB ,_, one_CD must_MD examine_VB the_DT techniques_NNS used_VBN to_TO group_VB the_DT many_JJ languages_NNS of_IN the_DT world_NN ._. 

Linguists_NNP examining_VBG Classical_NNP Greek_JJ ,_, Latin_NNP ,_, German_JJ ,_, English_NNP ,_, Slavic_NNP ,_, Swedish_JJ ,_, Norwegian_JJ ,_, Danish_JJ ,_, Dutch_JJ ,_, Lithuanian_NNP ,_, Iranian_JJ ,_, Hindi_NNP ,_, and_CC the_DT other_JJ languages_NNS of_IN India_NNP and_CC Europe_NNP found_VBD that_IN there_EX were_VBD correspondences_NNS among_IN many_JJ of_IN the_DT common_JJ words_NNS ._. 
Some_DT ,_, like_IN French_JJ ,_, Spanish_JJ ,_, Italian_JJ ,_, and_CC Portuguese_NNP ,_, had_VBD more_JJR in_IN common_JJ with_IN one_CD another_DT than_IN they_PRP did_VBD with_IN ,_, say_VB ,_, German_JJ ,_, English_NNP ,_, Swedish_JJ ,_, Danish_JJ ,_, and_CC Dutch_JJ ,_, which_WDT ,_, in_IN turn_NN ,_, bore_VBD only_RB a_DT remote_JJ resemblance_NN to_TO Russian_JJ and_CC Polish_JJ ,_, on_IN the_DT one_CD hand_NN ,_, and_CC the_DT two_CD extant_NN varieties_NNS of_IN ,_, say_VB ,_, Gaelic_JJ ,_, on_IN the_DT other_JJ ._. 
One_CD rapidly_RB runs_VBZ out_IN of_IN hands_NNS and_CC must_MD resort_VB to_TO fingers_NNS and_CC toes_NNS ,_, for_IN after_IN years_NNS of_IN laboriously_RB categorizing_VBG these_DT languages_NNS ,_, the_DT number_NN of_IN different_JJ main_JJ branches_NNS (_( called_VBN families_NNS and_CC subfamilies_NNS )_) came_VBD to_TO about_IN ten_CD ._. 
Ingeniously_NNP ,_, certain_JJ differences_NNS between_IN families_NNS were_VBD explained_VBN by_IN various_JJ phonetic_JJ shifts_NNS that_IN (_( inexplicably_RB )_) took_VBD place_NN in_IN one_CD language_NN group_NN but_CC not_RB in_IN another_DT ._. 
Although_IN certain_JJ other_JJ languages_NNS were_VBD geographically_RB nearby_JJ ,_, it_PRP was_VBD impossible_JJ to_TO establish_VB any_DT resemblances_NNS between_IN them_PRP ,_, hence_RB Basque_NNP ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, is_VBZ not_RB classified_VBN as_IN being_VBG in_IN the_DT same_JJ family_NN with_IN other_JJ European_JJ languages_NNS ,_, nor_CC are_VBP Hungarian_JJ and_CC Finnish_JJ ,_, both_DT of_IN which_WDT belong_VBP to_TO their_PRP$ own_JJ group_NN ._. 
At_IN the_DT conclusion_NN of_IN this_DT vast_JJ exercise_NN ,_, done_VBN without_IN the_DT aid_NN of_IN computers_NNS ,_, there_EX emerged_VBD a_DT pattern_NN of_IN familial_NN relationships_NNS that_WDT linked_VBD together_RB languages_NNS spoken_VBN ,_, in_IN earlier_JJR times_NNS ,_, from_IN Britain_NNP as_RB far_RB east_JJ as_IN Chinese_NNP Turkestan_NNP and_CC from_IN India_NNP as_RB far_RB north_RB as_IN Lappland_NNP ._. 
Charts_NNP showing_VBG the_DT chief_NN languages_NNS and_CC their_PRP$ derivations_NNS can_MD be_VB found_VBN in_IN many_JJ dictionaries—inside_NN the_DT front_NN cover_NN of_IN The_DT Random_NNP House_NNP Unabridged_NNP ,_, for_IN example_NN ._. 
Because_IN linguists_NNS are_VBP constantly_RB learning_VBG more_JJR and_CC more_JJR about_IN the_DT relationships_NNS among_IN languages_NNS ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ best_JJS to_TO avoid_VB using_VBG an_DT older_JJR chart_NN ;_: for_IN the_DT same_JJ reason_NN ,_, it_PRP would_MD be_VB wise_JJ not_RB to_TO stake_VB too_RB much_JJ on_IN the_DT accuracy_NN of_IN even_RB a_DT current_JJ chart_NN ._. 

The_DT languages_NNS discussed_VBN here_RB are_VBP what_WP are_VBP usually_RB called_VBN the_DT Indo-_NNP European_JJ family_NN ;_: similar_JJ family_NN trees_NNS could_MD be_VB drawn_VBN for_IN the_DT Semitic_NNP languages_NNS ,_, Sino-_NNP Tibetan_NNP ,_, Japanese_JJ ,_, Bantu_NNP ,_, Malayo-_NNP Polynesian_NNP ,_, and_CC so_RB on_IN ._. 
Each_DT is_VBZ a_DT distinct_JJ phylum_NN ;_: although_IN there_EX may_MD be_VB word-borrowing_JJ among_IN them_PRP ,_, lexicon_NN is_VBZ considered_VBN less_RBR important_JJ in_IN the_DT classification_NN of_IN languages_NNS than_IN structure_NN and_CC grammar_NN ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ important_JJ ,_, too_RB ,_, to_TO note_VB that_IN writing_VBG systems_NNS are_VBP irrelevant_JJ :_: for_IN instance_NN ,_, Polish_JJ is_VBZ written_VBN (_( today_NN )_) using_VBG the_DT Roman_NNP alphabet_NN ,_, but_CC Russian_JJ ,_, a_DT related_VBN Slavic_NNP language_NN ,_, uses_VBZ the_DT Cyrillic_NNP ;_: Yiddish_JJ ,_, a_DT Germanic_NNP language_NN ,_, is_VBZ written_VBN in_IN Hebrew_NNP characters_NNS ;_: Latin_NNP ,_, Greek_JJ ,_, and_CC Sanskrit_NNP ,_, which_WDT resemble_VBP one_CD another_DT rather_RB closely_RB in_IN some_DT respects_VBZ ,_, all_DT use_NN different_JJ alphabets_NNS ;_: and_CC early_JJ examples_NNS ,_, utterly_RB unrecognizable_JJ to_TO untrained_JJ readers_NNS of_IN modern_JJ languages_NNS ,_, were_VBD written_VBN in_IN cuneiform_NN ,_, quite_RB suitable_JJ for_IN writing_VBG on_IN soft_JJ clay_NN tablets_NNS with_IN a_DT pointed_VBN stylus_JJ ,_, and_CC hieroglyphics_NNS ._. 

It_PRP would_MD be_VB nice_JJ to_TO think_VB that_IN while_IN linguists_NNS were_VBD working_VBG so_RB hard_JJ to_TO organize_VB languages_NNS ,_, they_PRP were_VBD working_VBG alongside_IN the_DT archaeologists_NNS who_WP were_VBD providing_VBG the_DT raw_JJ materials_NNS ._. 
But_CC only_RB rarely_RB did_VBD they_PRP collaborate_VBP and_CC ,_, with_IN few_JJ exceptions_NNS ,_, their_PRP$ work_NN was_VBD not_RB correlated_JJ in_IN a_DT systematic_JJ way_NN ._. 
Schliemann_NNP ,_, who_WP discovered_VBD the_DT site_NN of_IN Troy_NNP ,_, used_VBD the_DT evidence_NN in_IN Homer_NNP 's_POS Iliad_NNP to_TO determine_VB his_PRP$ digging_NN site_NN ,_, where_WRB any_DT ruins_NNS had_VBD long_RB since_IN disappeared_VBD from_IN view_NN ._. 
In_IN many_JJ other_JJ places_NNS ,_, the_DT ancient_JJ sites_NNS lay_VBP buried—and_NN still_RB do—beneath_NN modern_JJ cities_NNS :_: modern_JJ property_NN owners_NNS quite_RB understandably_RB take_VB a_DT dim_NN view_NN of_IN tearing_VBG down_RP their_PRP$ buildings_NNS on_IN the_DT off_IN chance_NN that_IN the_DT remnants_NNS of_IN an_DT ancient_JJ town_NN will_MD be_VB found_VBN several_JJ yards_NNS below_IN ._. 
today_NN ,_, before_IN a_DT new_JJ building_NN is_VBZ erected_VBN in_IN London_NNP ,_, an_DT archaeological_JJ team_NN examines_VBZ the_DT cleared_VBN site_NN for_IN its_PRP$ archaeological_JJ significance_NN ._. 
But_CC there_RB ,_, as_RB everywhere_RB else_RB ,_, nothing_NN can_MD interfere_VB with_IN progress_NN and_CC ,_, regardless_RB of_IN the_DT finds_NNS and_CC their_PRP$ importance_NN ,_, the_DT archaeologist_NN must_MD eventually_RB yield_VB to_TO the_DT bulldozer_NN ._. 
Notwithstanding_IN ,_, even_RB the_DT brief_JJ glimpses_NNS afforded_VBN by_IN such_JJ investigations_NNS can_MD provide_VB some_DT insight_NN into_IN civilizations_NNS that_WDT existed_VBD hundreds_NNS or_CC ,_, in_IN some_DT cases_NNS ,_, thousands_NNS of_IN years_NNS earlier_RBR ._. 

Based_VBN on_IN the_DT sparse_NN evidence_NN available_JJ ,_, linguists_NNS theorized_VBD about_IN the_DT earlier_JJR languages_NNS that_WDT had_VBD given_VBN rise_NN to_TO those_DT attested_JJ ._. 
In_IN other_JJ words_NNS ,_, based_VBN on_IN what_WP they_PRP knew_VBD about_IN a_DT group_NN of_IN languages_NNS which_WDT were_VBD documented_VBN ,_, they_PRP tried_VBD to_TO imagine_VB the_DT language_NN that_IN they_PRP sprang_VBD from_IN ._. 
In_IN most_JJS cases_NNS ,_, they_PRP dealt_VBD with_IN words_NNS and_CC functional_JJ elements_NNS ,_, creating_VBG what_WP are_VBP called_VBN reconstructions_NNS in_IN hypothetical_JJ family_NN prototypes_NNS called_VBN ,_, variously_RB ,_, Proto-_NNP Latin_NNP ,_, Proto-_NNP Greek_JJ ,_, Proto-_NNP Germanic_NNP ,_, Proto-_NNP Indo-_NNP Iranian_JJ ,_, and_CC so_RB forth_RB ,_, the_DT ultimate_JJ goal_NN being_VBG to_TO posit_NN a_DT single_JJ language_NN called_VBD Proto-_NNP Indo-_NNP European_JJ ._. 
That_DT is_VBZ not_RB entirely_RB true_JJ ,_, for_IN linguists_NNS know_VBP too_RB much_JJ about_IN language_NN to_TO suggest_VB that_IN there_EX ever_RB was_VBD ,_, literally_RB ,_, a_DT single_JJ language_NN from_IN which_WDT all_DT Indo-_NNP European_JJ languages_NNS descended_VBD ._. 
Nonetheless_RB ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ convenient_JJ to_TO think_VB about_IN the_DT existence_NN of_IN a_DT group_NN of_IN proto-dialects_JJ which_WDT can_MD be_VB referred_VBN to_TO as_IN Proto-_NNP Indo-_NNP European_JJ ._. 

It_PRP seems_VBZ only_RB natural_JJ that_IN once_RB an_DT original_JJ language_NN ,_, or_CC Ursprache_NNP ,_, was_VBD posited_JJ ,_, the_DT next_JJ step_NN was_VBD to_TO speculate_VB on_IN its_PRP$ source_NN ,_, or_CC Urheimat_NNP ._. 
That_DT is_VBZ what_WP Renfrew_NNP has_VBZ tried_VBN to_TO do_VB ._. 
Essentially_RB ,_, he_PRP proposes_VBZ that_IN the_DT parent_NN of_IN all_DT Indo-_NNP European_JJ languages_NNS was_VBD itself_PRP born_VBN in_IN central_JJ Anatolia_NNP ,_, whence_NN it_PRP spread_VBD eastward_RB ,_, westward_RB ,_, and_CC northward_RB ,_, being_VBG modified_VBN by_IN the_DT influences_NNS of_IN the_DT languages_NNS with_IN which_WDT it_PRP came_VBD into_IN contact_NN ,_, till_IN it_PRP ultimately_RB emerged_VBD in_IN its_PRP$ recognizable_JJ ,_, modern_JJ manifestations_NNS which_WDT we_PRP categorize_NN into_IN Germanic_NNP ,_, Hellenic_NNP ,_, Italic_NNP ,_, Indo-_NNP Iranian_JJ ,_, Anatolian_NNP ,_, Armenian_JJ ,_, Celtic_NNP ,_, Tocharian_NNP ,_, Albanian_NNP ,_, and_CC BaltoSlavic_NNP ._. 

I_PRP have_VBP no_DT quarrel_VB with_IN Renfrew_NNP 's_POS theory—notwithstanding_VBG the_DT generally_RB received_VBN wisdom_NN that_WDT has_VBZ placed_VBN the_DT homeland_NN north_RB of_IN the_DT Black_NNP Sea_NNP region_NN and_CC the_DT Volga_NNP steppes_NNS ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ difficult_JJ for_IN the_DT nonspecialist_NN reader_NN (_( like_IN me_PRP )_) to_TO assess_VB the_DT validity_NN of_IN his_PRP$ arguments_NNS ,_, which_WDT are_VBP based_VBN on_IN his_PRP$ contention_NN that_IN the_DT language_NN (_( and_CC its_PRP$ congeners_NNS )_) were_VBD carried_VBN along_IN by_IN the_DT spread_NN of_IN nomad_NN pastoralism_NN ._. 
Using_VBG the_DT evidence_NN available_JJ ,_, Renfrew_NNP contends_VBZ that_IN the_DT original_JJ Indo-_NNP European_JJ language_NN ,_, closely_RB related_VBN to_TO Hittite_NNP ,_, separated_JJ after_IN 6500_CD BC_NNP ,_, with_IN the_DT IE_NNP languages_NNS of_IN western_JJ Europe_NNP developing_VBG from_IN western_JJ Anatolia_NNP and_CC those_DT of_IN Iran_NNP ,_, India_NNP ,_, and_CC Pakistan_NNP from_IN the_DT eastern_JJ division_NN ._. 
The_DT choice_NN between_IN the_DT prevailing_VBG theory_NN and_CC Renfrew_NNP 's_POS depends_VBZ on_IN whether_IN one_CD accepts_VBZ a_DT wave_NN theory_NN ,_, first_RB promulgated_VBD more_JJR than_IN a_DT hundred_CD years_NNS ago_RB by_IN Johnanes_NNP Schmidt_NNP ,_, a_DT German_JJ linguist_NN ,_, or_CC one_CD of_IN indigenous_JJ development_NN ._. 
Pottery_NNP finds_VBZ can_MD be_VB interpreted_VBN to_TO support_VB either_CC the_DT imposition_NN of_IN an_DT elite_NN culture_NN from_IN Turkmenia_NNP or_CC a_DT late_JJ development_NN of_IN the_DT Indus_NNP civilization_NN ._. 
Renfrew_NNP accepts_VBZ the_DT wave_NN theory_NN ,_, and_CC in_IN the_DT last_JJ two_CD thirds_NNS of_IN Archaeology_NNP &_CC Language_NNP he_PRP sets_VBZ forth_RB his_PRP$ arguments_NNS in_IN its_PRP$ favor_NN ._. 
Unfortunately_RB ,_, the_DT presentation_NN of_IN his_PRP$ linguistic_JJ argument_NN ,_, where_WRB the_DT author_NN is_VBZ clearly_RB treading_VBG on_IN more_RBR speculative_JJ ground_NN than_IN in_IN those_DT parts_NNS dealing_VBG with_IN outright_JJ archaeology_NN ,_, where_WRB he_PRP is_VBZ on_IN more_RBR familiar_JJ territory_NN ,_, is_VBZ disorganized_JJ and_CC repetitious_JJ ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO place_VB all_DT the_DT blame_NN on_IN Renfrew_NNP ,_, for_IN his_PRP$ editor_NN should_MD have_VB noticed_VBN the_DT lack_NN of_IN coherence_NN ._. 
The_DT result_NN is_VBZ an_DT argument_NN that_WDT is_VBZ persuasive_JJ but_CC scarely_RB convincing_JJ ._. 

Nevertheless_RB ,_, good_JJ books_NNS on_IN archaeology_NN assimilable_JJ by_IN laymen_NN are_VBP not_RB easy_JJ to_TO find_VB ,_, and_CC if_IN the_DT reader_NN can_MD tolerate_VB its_PRP$ shortcomings_NNS and_CC is_VBZ not_RB overly_RB concerned_VBN about_IN the_DT precise_JJ birthplace_NN of_IN Indo-_NNP European_JJ ,_, Archaelogy_NNP &_CC Language_NNP provides_VBZ an_DT interesting_JJ march_NN through_IN the_DT millennia_NN of_IN prehistory_NN in_IN seven-league_JJ boots_NNS ._. 

Laurence_NNP Urdang_NNP 

Webster_NNP 's_POS Electronic_NNP Thesaurus_NNP 
This_DT software_NN consists_VBZ of_IN two_CD disks_NNS ,_, one_CD labeled_VBN Installation_NN and_CC Program_NN ,_, the_DT other_JJ Synonym_NNP Linguibase_NNP ,_, and_CC a_DT manual_JJ ._. 
The_DT manual_JJ sets_NNS forth_RB everything_NN with_IN clarity_NN ,_, and_CC the_DT program_NN is_VBZ simple_JJ to_TO install_VB ,_, requiring_VBG only_RB a_DT few_JJ minutes_NNS ._. 
Only_RB one_CD thing_NN made_VBD me_PRP a_DT little_RB suspicious_JJ when_WRB cranking_VBG up_RP the_DT system_NN :_: in_IN the_DT descriptive_JJ text_NN that_WDT appears_VBZ on_IN the_DT screen_NN ,_, the_DT word_NN labeled_VBN is_VBZ spelt_NN labelled_JJ —_NN decidedly_RB un-_NN American_NNP ._. 
However_RB ,_, I_PRP went_VBD ahead_RB ,_, and_CC ,_, since_IN I_PRP was_VBD typing_VBG the_DT text_NN you_PRP are_VBP reading_VBG ,_, returned_VBD to_TO the_DT beginning_NN of_IN the_DT paragraph_NN to_TO see_VB how_WRB some_DT of_IN these_DT words_NNS would_MD fare_VB ._. 
I_PRP looked_VBD up_RP the_DT word_NN preceding_VBG and_CC was_VBD ,_, after_IN a_DT brief_JJ moment_NN ,_, asked_VBD to_TO type_NN in_IN the_DT word_NN ,_, which_WDT I_PRP did_VBD ._. 
The_DT screen_NN bloomed_JJ forth_RB with_IN the_DT following_VBG :_: 

Query_NNP :_: preceding_VBG 

1_LS )_) adj_NN being_VBG before_IN especially_RB in_IN time_NN or_CC arrangement_NN 

There_EX were_VBD also_RB some_DT other_JJ parts_NNS of_IN speech_NN :_: one_CD definition_NN for_IN the_DT preposition_NN and_CC three_CD for_IN the_DT verb_NN (_( participial_NN )_) senses_NNS ._. 
I_PRP called_VBD up_RP the_DT synonyms_NNS for_IN the_DT adj_NN and_CC the_DT following_JJ appeared_VBN :_: 

Synonyms_NNP :_: 
antecedent_NN ,_, anterior_NN ,_, foregoing_VBG ,_, former_JJ ,_, past_JJ ,_, precedent_NN ,_, previous_JJ ,_, prior_RB 

The_DT way_NN the_DT program_NN works_VBZ is_VBZ this_DT :_: one_CD uses_VBZ the_DT cursor_NN to_TO highlight_VB a_DT particular_JJ word_NN for_IN which_WDT synonyms_NNS are_VBP desired_VBN ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ similar_JJ ,_, in_IN principle_NN ,_, to_TO finding_VBG a_DT synonym_NN in_IN a_DT synonym_NN dictionary_JJ and_CC then_RB looking_VBG up_RP its_PRP$ synonyms_NNS to_TO find_VB them_PRP ._. 
I_PRP am_VBP not_RB sure_JJ why_WRB ,_, but_CC I_PRP expected_VBD the_DT program_NN to_TO network_VB in_IN the_DT same_JJ way_NN ._. 
However_RB ,_, when_WRB I_PRP highlighted_VBD antecedent_NN ,_, what_WP appeared_VBD on_IN the_DT screen_NN was_VBD the_DT same_JJ list_NN of_IN synonyms_NNS but_CC with_IN antecedent_NN missing_VBG ,_, and_CC preceding_VBG had_VBN reappeared_JJ ._. 
If_IN all_PDT this_DT is_VBZ too_RB complicated_VBN to_TO follow_VB ,_, let_VB me_PRP summarize_VB :_: you_PRP look_VBP up_RB word_NN X_NNP and_CC get_VB synonyms_NNS A_DT ,_, B_NNP ,_, C_NNP ,_, D_NNP ,_, E_NNP ,_, F_NN ,_, and_CC G._NN You_PRP look_VBP up_RP the_DT synonyms_NNS for_IN word_NN A_DT ,_, and_CC you_PRP get_VBP synonyms_NNS X_NN ,_, B_NNP ,_, C_NNP ,_, D_NNP ,_, E_NNP ,_, F_NN ,_, and_CC G._NN Even_RB the_DT definition_NN provided_VBN for_IN the_DT sub-listings_JJ is_VBZ identical_JJ in_IN wording_NN to_TO that_DT of_IN the_DT word_NN originally_RB sought_VBD ._. 

This_DT is_VBZ very_RB economical_JJ of_IN space_NN and_CC involves_VBZ a_DT clever_JJ computer_NN ploy_NN ,_, but_CC it_PRP does_VBZ not_RB provide_VB a_DT particularly_RB useful_JJ synonym_NN dictionary_JJ ,_, for_RB ,_, as_IN we_PRP all_DT know_VBP ,_, synonymy_NN in_IN language_NN does_VBZ not_RB yield_VB to_TO the_DT commutative_JJ law_NN of_IN mathematics_NN ;_: in_IN language_NN ,_, Things_NNS equal_JJ to_TO the_DT same_JJ thing_NN are_VBP not_RB (_( necessarily_RB )_) equal_JJ to_TO each_DT other_JJ ._. 
Perhaps_RB the_DT Proximity_NNP people_NNS thought_VBD that_IN they_PRP had_VBD got_VBN round_NN that_IN little_JJ problem_NN by_IN giving_VBG the_DT same_JJ definition_NN for_IN each_DT of_IN the_DT items_NNS in_IN the_DT list_NN ;_: but_CC we_PRP know_VBP that_IN only_RB very_RB rarely_RB are_VBP two_CD synonyms_NNS bi-unique_JJ (_( which_WDT is_VBZ another_DT way_NN of_IN saying_VBG that_IN if_IN A_DT =_SYM B_NN ,_, B_NNP does_VBZ not_RB necessarily_RB always_RB equal_VB A_DT )_) ,_, an_DT ineluctable_JJ fact_NN of_IN language_NN ._. 

If_IN a_DT relatively_RB limited_JJ access_NN to_TO a_DT synonym_NN dictionary_JJ is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO be_VB of_IN use_NN ,_, then_RB this_DT package_NN may_MD be_VB of_IN service_NN ._. 
It_PRP works_VBZ with_IN a_DT hard_JJ disk_NN or_CC with_IN a_DT set_NN of_IN floppies_NNS and_CC can_MD be_VB used_VBN with_IN 29_CD popular_JJ word-processing_NN programs_NNS ._. 
(_( That_DT was_VBD the_DT number_NN listed_VBN when_WRB I_PRP received_VBD my_PRP$ copy_NN ;_: it_PRP might_MD have_VB increased_VBN ._. )_) 
It_PRP also_RB has_VBZ a_DT few_JJ neat_JJ features_NNS ,_, like_IN suggesting_VBG a_DT few_JJ alternatives_NNS if_IN you_PRP happen_VBP to_TO think_VB that_IN preceding_VBG is_VBZ spelt_NN preceeding_VBG (_( as_IN many_JJ people_NNS do_VBP )_) ._. 
It_PRP has_VBZ a_DT useful_JJ Help_NN feature_NN that_WDT can_MD be_VB called_VBN upon_IN at_IN any_DT stage_NN ._. 
Also_RB ,_, if_IN you_PRP enter_VBP jump_NN ,_, you_PRP get_VBP the_DT synonyms_NNS for_IN that_DT ;_: but_CC if_IN you_PRP enter_VBP jumped_VBD ,_, you_PRP get_VBP the_DT (_( same_JJ )_) synonyms_NNS but_CC inflected—including_VBG the_DT variants_NNS leapt_VBD ,_, leaped_VBD for_IN leap_NN ._. 
All_DT in_IN all_DT ,_, for_IN a_DT relatively_RB primitive_JJ system_NN ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ not_RB too_RB bad_JJ ;_: but_CC you_PRP would_MD have_VB to_TO be_VB in_IN love_NN with_IN your_PRP$ computer_NN to_TO use_VB it_PRP in_IN preference_NN to_TO a_DT far_RB more_RBR complete_JJ books_NNS of_IN synonyms_NNS available_JJ (_( especially_RB The_DT Synonym_NNP Finder_NNP ,_, Rodale_NNP in_IN the_DT U.S._NN and_CC Canada_NNP ,_, Longman_NNP elsewhere_RB ,_, which_WDT offers_VBZ more_JJR than_IN 800,000_CD synonyms_NNS ,_, more_JJR than_IN three_CD times_NNS the_DT number_NN listed_VBN in_IN any_DT other_JJ synonym_NN book_NN )_) ._. 

The_DT blurb_NN on_IN this_DT book_NN /_NN disk_NN package_NN reads_VBZ ,_, Supplies_NNP you_PRP with_IN 470,000_CD true_JJ synonyms_NNS for_IN 40,000_CD entries_NNS ._. 
My_PRP$ guess_VBP is_VBZ that_IN such_JJ a_DT quantity_NN might_MD be_VB reached_VBN if_IN one_CD counted_VBD all_PDT the_DT permutations_NNS and_CC combinations_NNS ;_: in_IN reality_NN ,_, though_RB ,_, there_EX are_VBP probably_RB far_RB fewer_RBR actual_JJ words_NNS ._. 
Readers_NNS can_MD judge_VB for_IN themselves_PRP the_DT validity_NN of_IN this_DT numerical_JJ legerdemain_NN ._. 

Laurence_NNP Urdang_NNP 

Family_NNP Words_NNPS 
In_IN 1962_CD ,_, American_NNP Speech_NNP published_VBD Family_NNP Words_NNPS in_IN English_NNP ,_, by_IN Allen_NNP Walker_NNP Read_NNP ,_, which_WDT was_VBD reprinted_VBN in_IN VERBATIM_NNP Vol._NN I_PRP ,_, No._NN 4_LS ,_, (_( 1975_CD )_) ._. 
The_DT article_NN is_VBZ a_DT classic_NN ,_, probably_RB the_DT first_JJ on_IN the_DT subject_NN to_TO appear_VB in_IN a_DT scholarly_JJ journal_NN ,_, though_IN there_EX are_VBP other_JJ informal_JJ references_NNS to_TO family_NN language_NN ,_, some_DT of_IN which_WDT are_VBP documented_VBN by_IN Dickson_NNP in_IN his_PRP$ Bibliography_NNP ._. 

Family_NN words_NNS and_CC expressions_NNS crop_NN up_RB everywhere_RB ._. 
Some_DT are_VBP quite_RB unique_JJ and_CC their_PRP$ reporters_NNS cannot_NN imagine_VB their_PRP$ origin_NN ;_: others_NNS ,_, like_IN Penn_NNP Station_NNP ,_, what_WP one_CD family_NN terms_NNS a_DT child_NN 's_POS misinterpretation_NN of_IN a_DT famous_JJ line_NN or_CC phrase_NN ,_, are_VBP clear_JJ :_: the_DT generic_JJ term_NN comes_VBZ from_IN the_DT Lord_NNP 's_POS Prayer—_NNP And_CC lead_VB us_PRP not_RB into_IN Penn_NNP Station_NNP ._. 
Obviously_RB ,_, that_WDT works_VBZ only_RB for_IN kids_NNS familiar_JJ with_IN New_NNP York_NNP City_NNP ._. 
Other_JJ Penn_NNP Stations_NNPS :_: 
Our_PRP$ Father_NNP ,_, which_WDT art_NN in_IN heaven_NN ,_, Harold_NNP be_VB Thy_NNP name_NN ._. 
Land_NNP where_WRB the_DT Pilgrims_NNP pried_JJ ._. 
Bells_NNP on_IN cocktails_NNS ring_VBP ._. 
I_PRP pledge_NN my_PRP$ allowance_NN to_TO the_DT flag_NN ._. 
Gladly_NNP the_DT cross-eyed_JJ bear_NN Onward_NNP Christian_NNP Soldiers_NNS ,_, Marching_NNP as_IN to_TO War_NNP ,_, With_IN the_DT cross-eyed_JJ Jesus_NNP ,_, Leaning_NNP on_IN the_DT phone_NN ._. 
._. ._. ._. One_CD nation_NN ,_, invisible_JJ ._. ._. ._. 
._. ._. ._. One_CD nation_NN ,_, in_IN a_DT vegetable_NN ._. ._. ._. 

Many_JJ people_NNS know_VBP F.H.B._NN for_IN `_`` family_NN hold_NN back_RB ,_, '_'' an_DT exhortation_NN ensuring_VBG ample_JJ provender_NN for_IN guests_NNS ._. 

This_DT is_VBZ not_RB to_TO suggest_VB that_IN Dickson_NNP 's_POS book_NN is_VBZ a_DT catalogue_NN of_IN bloopers_NNS ,_, or_CC what_WP Amsel_NNP Greene_NNP (_( and_CC Jack_NNP Smith_NNP )_) like_IN to_TO call_VB pullet_NN surprises_NNS ._. 
There_EX are_VBP many_JJ interesting_JJ entries_NNS in_IN Family_NNP Words_NNPS which_WDT ,_, as_RB far_RB as_IN I_PRP know_VBP ,_, is_VBZ the_DT first_JJ documentation_NN of_IN the_DT genre_NN ._. 
There_EX are_VBP occasional_JJ hidden_VBN entries_NNS ,_, as_IN the_DT list_NN of_IN diseases—among_NN them_PRP the_DT dread_NN mohogus_JJ —_NN under_IN the_DT entry_NN for_IN Fowlenzia_NNP ._. 
(_( In_IN the_DT VERBATIM_NNP family_NN ,_, some_DT suffer_VB from_IN Fowler_NNP 's_POS pip_NN ,_, an_DT affliction_NN affecting_VBG language_NN fanatics_NNS who_WP base_VBP a_DT slavish_NN purism_NN on_IN a_DT literal_JJ interpretation_NN of_IN Modern_NNP English_NNP Usage_NNP ._. )_) 

Family_NNP Words_NNPS is_VBZ useful_JJ and_CC fun_NN ._. 
Inevitably_RB ,_, some_DT of_IN the_DT entries_NNS are_VBP more_RBR imaginative_JJ than_IN others_NNS ;_: Dickson_NNP will_MD have_VB his_PRP$ hands_NNS full_JJ if_IN everyone_NN responds_VBZ giving_VBG private_JJ words_NNS ._. 
Please_VB sent_VBD yours_NNS to_TO the_DT author_NN ,_, c_SYM /_NN o_NN Addison-_NNP Wesley_NNP ,_, Reading_VBG ,_, MA_NNP 01867_CD ,_, not_RB to_TO VERBATIM_NNP ._. 

Laurence_NNP Urdang_NNP 

A_DT Midwesterner_NNP ,_, Will_NNP Hays_NNP ,_, Jr_NNP ._. ,_, who_WP is_VBZ proud_JJ of_IN his_PRP$ knowledge_NN of_IN post-_NN Civil-_NNP War_NNP history_NN ,_, tells_VBZ me_PRP the_DT following_VBG origin_NN of_IN shot_NN ,_, as_IN in_IN shotglass_NNS ,_, absent_JJ from_IN Gunning_NNP for_IN the_DT English_NNP Language_NNP :_: 

Although_IN we_PRP associate_JJ trench_NN warfare_NN with_IN World_NNP War_NNP I_PRP ,_, trenches_NNS were_VBD characteristic_JJ also_RB of_IN the_DT Civil_NNP War_NNP ._. 
A_DT scaffold_NN was_VBD built_VBN so_IN that_IN a_DT rifleman—_NN who_WP fired_VBD a_DT single-shot_JJ ,_, muzzle-loading_JJ shoulder_NN weapon—could_NN step_NN up_RB and_CC shoot_VB over_IN the_DT top_NN of_IN the_DT trench_NN ._. 
The_DT soldier_NN in_IN charge_NN would_MD command_VB ,_, after_IN each_DT firing_NN ,_, that_IN the_DT rank_NN on_IN the_DT scaffold_NN step_NN down_RB and_CC be_VB replaced_VBN by_IN the_DT rank_NN that_WDT had_VBD just_RB reloaded_JJ ,_, thus_RB alternating_VBG ranks_NNS and_CC sustaining_VBG the_DT rifle_NN fire_NN ._. 

That_DT war_NN ,_, like_IN others_NNS ,_, produced_VBD disgruntled_JJ veterans_NNS and_CC those_DT more_RBR adventurous_JJ or_CC more_RBR restless_JJ after_IN military_JJ service_NN ._. 
They_PRP moved_VBD westward_RB to_TO start_VB a_DT new_JJ life_NN ._. 
The_DT population_NN increased_VBD markedly_RB ,_, with_IN corresponding_JJ demands_NNS for_IN goods_NNS and_CC services_NNS ,_, among_IN them_PRP the_DT need_NN for_IN saloons_NNS ._. 
Most_JJS new_JJ saloons_NNS were_VBD small_JJ and_CC the_DT bars_NNS short_JJ ,_, accommodating_VBG with_IN difficulty_NN the_DT many_JJ bunched_JJ up_RB ,_, in_IN ranks_NNS ,_, if_IN you_PRP will_MD ,_, calling_VBG for_IN whiskey_NN ._. 
Many_JJ of_IN the_DT thirsty_JJ crowd_NN were_VBD veterans_NNS ,_, as_IN were_VBD many_JJ of_IN the_DT bartenders_NNS ._. 
Thus_RB ,_, Step_NN down_RB (_( or_CC back_RB )_) and_CC give_VB me_PRP a_DT shot_NN was_VBD readily_RB understood_VBN ._. 
I_PRP 've_VBP not_RB been_VBN able_JJ to_TO corroborate_VBP this_DT explanation_NN ,_, but_CC I_PRP 'll_MD never_RB forget_VB it_PRP ._. 

Mr._NN Joseph_NNP Hymes_NNP '_POS Do_VBP Mistake—_NNP Learn_NNP Better_NNP [_NN XV_NNP ,_, 1_CD ]_NN brought_VBN to_TO mind_VB the_DT time_NN a_DT Japanese_JJ acquaintance_NN told_VBD me_PRP of_IN a_DT friend_NN of_IN hers_PRP who_WP decided_VBD to_TO tackle_VB the_DT original_JJ English_NNP version_NN of_IN three_CD books_NNS she_PRP had_VBD enjoyed_VBN while_IN in_IN Japan_NNP ._. 
She_PRP boldly_RB marched_VBD into_IN a_DT bookstore_NN and_CC asked_VBD the_DT salesclerk_NN for_IN a_DT copy_NN each_DT of_IN Hemingway_NNP 's_VBZ The_DT Sun_NNP Come_VBN Up_IN Again_RB and_CC Throw_VB Away_RB the_DT Gun_NNP and_CC Steinbeck_NNP 's_VBZ The_DT Angry_NNP Grape_NNP ._. 
Is_VBZ there_EX a_DT term_NN for_IN the_DT errors_NNS that_WDT creep_NN in_IN while_IN translating_VBG a_DT passage_NN back_RB into_IN the_DT original_JJ tongue_NN ?_. 

Mr._NN Davidson_NNP 's_POS observations_NNS on_IN the_DT Scottishness_NNP of_IN Chambers_NNP 20_CD th_NN Century_NNP Dictionary_NNP [_NN XV_NNP ,_, 1_CD ]_NN bear_NN out_RP my_PRP$ own_JJ formed_VBN over_IN sixteen_CD years_NNS of_IN using_VBG one_CD ._. 
An_DT odd_JJ sidelight_NN on_IN this_DT came_VBD a_DT few_JJ days_NNS after_IN reading_VBG the_DT article_NN ._. 
Definitions_NNP under_IN pet_NN end_NN with_IN Petting_NNP Party_NNP (_( coll_NN ._. )_) a_DT gathering_NN for_IN the_DT purpose_NN of_IN caressing_VBG as_IN an_DT organised_JJ sport_NN ._. 
(_( Origin_NNP unknown_JJ ;_: not_RB from_IN Gaelic_JJ )_) I_PRP think_VBP it_PRP hardly_RB fanciful_JJ to_TO discern_VB a_DT note_NN of_IN Calvinist_NNP disapproval_NN in_IN this_DT curt_NN disclaimer_NN ._. 

Although_IN I_PRP greatly_RB enjoyed_VBD Richard_NNP Lederer_NNP 's_POS article_NN ,_, I_PRP fear_VBP that_IN one_CD of_IN his_PRP$ paragraphs_NNS is_VBZ a_DT load_NN of_IN brass_NN monkey_NN balls_NNS ._. 

The_DT monkey_NN on_IN board_NN ship_NN was_VBD a_DT lad_NN employed_VBN to_TO fetch_VB supplies—powder_NN and_CC so_RB forth—to_NN the_DT guns_NNS ._. 
The_DT word_NN might_MD also_RB have_VB been_VBN used_VBN for_IN a_DT receptacle_NN near_IN the_DT guns_NNS where_WRB powder_NN and_CC balls_NNS were_VBD kept_VBN ._. 
However_RB ,_, this_DT receptacle_NN would_MD have_VB taken_VBN the_DT form_NN of_IN a_DT wooden_JJ box_NN or_CC something_NN similar_JJ ._. 
The_DT idea_NN of_IN a_DT metal_NN stand_NN carrying_VBG a_DT pyramid_NN of_IN cannon_NN balls_NNS so_RB delicately_RB balanced_JJ as_IN to_TO be_VB affected_VBN by_IN the_DT tiny_JJ differential_NN expansion_NN of_IN brass_NN and_CC iron_NN does_VBZ not_RB bear_VB thinking_VBG about_IN in_IN a_DT heavy_JJ sea_NN ._. 

So_RB what_WP is_VBZ the_DT explanation_NN of_IN the_DT phrase_NN cold_JJ enough_RB to_TO freeze_VB the_DT balls_NNS off_IN a_DT brass_NN monkey_NN ?_. 
Well_RB ,_, the_DT obvious_JJ one_CD ,_, I_PRP believe_VBP ._. 
Anybody_NN who_WP asks_VBZ Why_WRB a_DT brass_NN monkey_NN ?_. is_VBZ probably_RB not_RB aware_JJ that_IN brass_NN monkeys_NNS were_VBD very_RB common_JJ household_NN ornaments_NNS in_IN England_NNP in_IN the_DT 19_CD th_NN and_CC early_JJ 20_CD th_NN centuries_NNS ._. 
Originally_RB ,_, they_PRP were_VBD probably_RB imported_VBN from_IN India_NNP ,_, but_CC were_VBD later_RB mass-produced_JJ in_IN places_NNS such_JJ as_IN Birmingham_NNP to_TO grace_VB Victorian_JJ and_CC Edwardian_NNP mantelshelves_NNS ._. 
They_PRP can_MD still_RB be_VB found_VBN today_NN in_IN so-called_JJ gift_NN shops_NNS ._. 
Usually_RB ,_, they_PRP come_VBP in_IN sets_NNS of_IN three_CD ,_, one_CD with_IN its_PRP$ hands_NNS over_IN its_PRP$ eyes_NNS ,_, one_CD over_IN its_PRP$ ears_NNS ,_, and_CC one_CD over_IN its_PRP$ mouth_NN :_: they_PRP were_VBD said_VBN to_TO represent_VB See_VB no_DT evil_NN ,_, Hear_NNP no_DT evil_NN ,_, Speak_NNP no_DT evil_NN ._. 
There_EX were_VBD various_JJ whimsical_JJ variants_NNS ._. 

I_PRP am_VBP sure_JJ I_PRP am_VBP not_RB the_DT first_JJ to_TO point_VB out_RP Joseph_NNP Hynes_NNP 's_POS ,_, Do_VBP Mistake—_NNP Learn_NNP Better_NNP ,_, [_NN XV_NNP ,_, 1_CD ]_NN mistakes_NNS in_IN Japanizing_NNP English_NNP words_NNS ,_, e.g._NN ,_, sei_NN fu_NN not_RB safe-o_JJ ,_, nain_NN not_RB nine-o_JJ ._. 
The_DT possibilities_NNS for_IN representing_VBG English_NNP with_IN a_DT language_NN of_IN only_RB forty-seven_CD syllables_NNS are_VBP not_RB that_IN numerous_JJ ,_, and_CC the_DT rules_NNS are_VBP very_RB consistent_JJ ._. 
The_DT main_JJ problems_NNS are_VBP representing_VBG consonant_JJ clusters_NNS and_CC word-final_JJ consonants_NNS ._. 
These_DT difficulties_NNS produce_VBP such_JJ monstrosities_NNS as_IN sutoraike_NN for_IN English_NNP `_`` strike_NN '_'' —_NN one_CD syllable_NN in_IN English_NNP ,_, five_CD in_IN Japanese_NN ._. 

Every_DT Japan_NNP veteran_NN has_VBZ his_PRP$ list_NN of_IN favorite_JJ mistakes_NNS ._. 
Mine_NNP are_VBP the_DT ones_NNS that_WDT are_VBP possible_JJ ,_, but_CC wrong_JJ ,_, English_NNP ._. 
Adding_VBG the_DT Japanese_JJ final_JJ vowels_NNS produces_VBZ Gone_VBN with_IN the_DT Windo_NNP ._. 
Hypercorrection_NNP ,_, where_WRB Japanese_JJ speakers_NNS learn_VBP that_IN many_JJ final_JJ vowels_NNS do_VBP not_RB exist_VB in_IN the_DT American_JJ version_NN of_IN the_DT tongue_NN and_CC so_RB remove_VB them_PRP ,_, sometimes_RB incorrectly_RB ,_, gives_VBZ us_PRP the_DT California_NNP cities_NNS of_IN San_NNP Francisk_NNP and_CC Sacrament_NNP ._. 
This_DT process_NN resulted_VBD in_IN the_DT sign_NN reading_NN Pizz_NNP and_CC Coffee_NNP ._. 

My_PRP$ absolute_JJ favorite_NN of_IN these_DT semantic_JJ mistakes_NNS ,_, however_RB ,_, does_VBZ not_RB come_VB from_IN the_DT problem_NN of_IN sound_NN ._. 
Japanese_NN has_VBZ a_DT verb_NN inflection_NN which_WDT expresses_VBZ causation_NN or_CC permission—in_NN English_NNP ,_, to_TO make_VB someone_NN or_CC to_TO let_VB someone_NN do_VBP something_NN ._. 
One_CD day_NN during_IN a_DT university_NN English_NNP class_NN ,_, a_DT very_RB discomfited_JJ student_NN ,_, after_IN frantic_JJ and_CC obtrusive_JJ dictionary_JJ work_NN ,_, handed_VBD a_DT colleague_NN of_IN mine_NN a_DT scrap_NN of_IN paper_NN ._. 
On_IN it_PRP was_VBD written_VBN this_DT sentence_NN :_: Please_VB make_VB me_PRP go_VB to_TO the_DT bathroom_NN ._. 

You_PRP Could_MD Look_VB It_PRP Up_IN 
As_IN everyone_NN in_IN the_DT world_NN must_MD know_VB by_IN now_RB ,_, William_NNP Safire_NNP writes_VBZ a_DT column_NN in_IN The_DT New_NNP York_NNP Times_NNP Magazine_NNP called_VBD On_IN Language_NNP ._. 
Considering_VBG the_DT circulation_NN of_IN The_DT New_NNP York_NNP Times_NNP on_IN Sundays_NNS ,_, his_PRP$ column_NN is_VBZ probably_RB the_DT most_RBS widely_RB read_VB commentary_NN on_IN contemporary_JJ English_NNP in_IN the_DT world_NN ;_: that_IN places_NNS more_JJR than_IN one_CD uncommon_JJ burden_NN on_IN a_DT writer_NN :_: he_PRP must_MD do_VB his_PRP$ utmost_JJ to_TO be_VB accurate_JJ ;_: he_PRP must_MD try_VB to_TO select_VB subjects_NNS likely_JJ to_TO be_VB of_IN interest_NN to_TO his_PRP$ readers_NNS ;_: and_CC he_PRP must_MD write_VB well_RB ._. 

Those_DT familiar_JJ with_IN Safire_NNP 's_POS editorial_NN style_NN ,_, reflected_VBD in_IN his_PRP$ political_JJ columns_NNS on_IN the_DT editorial_NN pages_NNS of_IN The_DT N._NN Y._NN Times_NNP ,_, may_MD agree_VB with_IN me_PRP in_IN the_DT contention_NN that_IN when_WRB he_PRP writes_VBZ about_IN language_NN he_PRP seems_VBZ to_TO be_VB writing_VBG on_IN his_PRP$ day_NN off_RP :_: I_PRP cannot_NN put_VBD my_PRP$ finger_NN on_IN why_WRB ,_, but_CC On_IN Language_NNP always_RB strikes_VBZ me_PRP as_IN an_DT excruciating_VBG effort_NN to_TO be_VB cute_JJ ._. 
In_IN part_NN ,_, that_WDT is_VBZ attributable_JJ to_TO the_DT designation_NN of_IN his_PRP$ correspondents_NNS ,_, who_WP keep_VBP him_PRP informed_VBD on_IN language_NN that_WDT is_VBZ not_RB within_IN earshot_NN ,_, as_IN the_DT Lexicographic_NNP Irregulars_NNP ,_, an_DT amusing_JJ reference_NN the_DT first_JJ time_NN or_CC two_CD it_PRP was_VBD used_VBN but_CC now_RB beginning_VBG to_TO cloy_NN ._. 
More_RBR often_RB than_IN it_PRP might_MD prove_VB of_IN interest_NN to_TO me_PRP ,_, personally_RB ,_, Safire_NNP deals_NNS with_IN insiders_NNS '_POS language_NN in_IN Washington_NNP (_( where_WRB he_PRP is_VBZ based_VBN )_) or_CC with_IN trivialities_NNS uttered_VBD by_IN some_DT politico_NN ._. 

As_IN Andrew_NNP Norman_NNP wrote_VBD ,_, in_IN a_DT letter_NN published_VBN in_IN this_DT book_NN on_IN page_NN 113_CD ,_, You_PRP flit_NN freely_RB back_RB and_CC forth_RB between_IN prescriptivism_NN and_CC descriptivism_NN ._. 
But_CC are_VBP not_RB many_JJ of_IN us_PRP guilty_JJ of_IN that_DT ?_. 
We_PRP are_VBP descriptive_JJ of_IN the_DT usages_NNS we_PRP accept_VBP and_CC prescriptive—perhaps_NNS proscriptive_JJ would_MD be_VB more_JJR descriptive—of_NN those_DT we_PRP do_VBP not_RB like_IN ._. 
At_IN least_JJS Safire_NNP expresses_VBZ an_DT opinion_NN ;_: whether_IN the_DT reader_NN agrees_VBZ with_IN him_PRP is_VBZ another_DT matter_NN ,_, as_IN are_VBP the_DT questions_NNS of_IN his_PRP$ accuracy_NN ,_, which_WDT arise_VBP fairly_RB often_RB ,_, and_CC that_IN of_IN the_DT suitability_NN of_IN his_PRP$ style_NN ,_, which_WDT ,_, as_RB far_RB as_IN I_PRP know_VBP ,_, has_VBZ not_RB been_VBN broached_JJ before_RB ._. 
It_PRP ill_JJ behooves_NNS me_PRP ,_, excoriated_VBN recently_RB as_IN enamored_JJ of_IN the_DT cheap_JJ larf_NN ,_, to_TO criticize_VB Safire_NNP 's_POS arch_NN puns_NNS ,_, which_WDT permeate—_NN enliven_NN is_VBZ probably_RB the_DT word_NN his_PRP$ editor_NN would_MD use—his_NNS articles_NNS ,_, but_CC I_PRP find_VBP some_DT kinds_NNS of_IN humor_NN unsuitable_JJ for_IN reading_NN ,_, however_RB they_PRP might_MD evoke_VBP a_DT chuckle_NN when_WRB uttered_VBD viva_FW voce_NN ._. 
A_DT handful_NN of_IN examples_NNS ,_, from_IN the_DT book_NN at_IN hand_NN :_: 
Therefore_RB ,_, I_PRP stand_VBP uncorrected_JJ ._. 
[_NN p._NN 112_CD ]_NN 
._. ._. ._. 
Get_VB your_PRP$ hand_NN off_IN my_PRP$ knee_NN ._. 
(_( That_DT 's_VBZ a_DT mnemonic_JJ ,_, pronounced_VBN knee-_NN MONIC_NNP ._. )_) 
Ize_NNP Right_RB ?_. 
[_NN title_NN ,_, p._NN 114_CD ]_NN 
Juggernaughty_NNP but_CC Nice_NNP [_NN title_NN ,_, p._NN 115_CD ]_NN 
._. ._. ._. slanguist_NN ._. ._. ._. [_NN p._NN 116_CD ]_NN 
Lex_NNP Appeal_NN [_NN title_NN ,_, p._NN 121_CD ]_NN 
Logue-_NNP Rolling_NNP [_NN title_NN ,_, p._NN 123_CD ]_NN 
[_NN on_IN -_: logue_NN vs._NN -_: log_VB :_: ]_NN Some_DT people_NNS prefer_VBP their_PRP$ logues_NNS sawed_JJ off_RP ._. ._. ._. [_NN p._NN 123_CD ]_NN 
But_CC the_DT Library_NNP of_IN Congress_NNP wants_VBZ to_TO be_VB non-_NN U_NNP [_NN in_IN its_PRP$ spelling_NN of_IN -_: logue_NN words_NNS ]_NN ._. 
[_NN ibid_NN ._. ]_NN 

Writing_VBG containing_VBG such_JJ labored_JJ figures_NNS makes_VBZ for_IN hard_JJ reading_NN ._. 
I_PRP am_VBP interested_JJ in_IN what_WP Safire_NNP has_VBZ to_TO say_VB about_IN language_NN but_CC find_VB myself_PRP stymied_VBN :_: I_PRP get_VBP the_DT feeling_NN that_IN he_PRP has_VBZ deliberately_RB created_VBN a_DT minefield_NN of_IN interruptions_NNS in_IN thought_VBD through_IN which_WDT I_PRP must_MD pick_VB my_PRP$ way_NN to_TO the_DT end_NN ._. 
Notwithstanding_IN the_DT valuable_JJ role_NN he_PRP plays_VBZ in_IN inspiring_JJ nonlinguists_NNS to_TO think_VB about_IN language_NN and_CC in_IN informing_VBG them_PRP about_IN myriad_JJ facets_NNS of_IN the_DT subject_NN ,_, I_PRP find_VBP it_PRP hard_JJ slogging_VBG (_( or_CC ,_, as_IN he_PRP would_MD probably_RB write_VB ,_, sloguing_VBG )_) ._. 

You_PRP Could_MD Look_VB It_PRP Up_IN is_VBZ the_DT umpteenth_NN collection_NN of_IN Safire_NNP 's_POS columns_NNS and_CC ,_, like_IN the_DT previous_JJ collections_NNS ,_, contains_VBZ a_DT selection_NN of_IN letters_NNS from_IN readers_NNS ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ those_DT that_WDT are_VBP so_RB sorely_RB missed_VBD in_IN his_PRP$ column_NN ._. 
True_JJ ,_, there_EX is_VBZ an_DT occasional_JJ mention_NN in_IN his_PRP$ column_NN of_IN a_DT point_NN raised_VBN by_IN a_DT correspondent_NN ,_, and_CC the_DT Letters_NNS section_NN of_IN the_DT Magazine_NNP prints_VBZ a_DT comment_NN from_IN time_NN to_TO time_NN ,_, but_CC an_DT important_JJ feature_NN of_IN the_DT books_NNS is_VBZ their_PRP$ inclusion_NN of_IN far_RB more_RBR writer-reader_JJ interaction_NN than_IN one_CD might_MD suspect_VB from_IN reading_VBG the_DT column_NN alone_RB ._. 
For_IN one_CD thing_NN ,_, the_DT letter-writers_JJ call_NN attention_NN to_TO errors_NNS or_CC misinterpretations_NNS and_CC are_VBP largely_RB critical_JJ ._. 
Safire_NNP cannot_NN be_VB accused_VBN of_IN being_VBG copy-proud_JJ (_( except_IN ,_, evidently_RB ,_, of_IN awful_JJ puns_NNS ,_, as_IN in_IN Ms._NN is_VBZ deliberately_RB msterious_JJ ,_, but_CC at_IN least_JJS it_PRP is_VBZ not_RB deliberately_RB msleading_VBG and_CC other_JJ mscegenations_NNS )_) ._. 

There_EX is_VBZ no_DT gainsaying_VBG that_IN Safire_NNP is_VBZ one_CD of_IN the_DT most_RBS influential_JJ writers_NNS on_IN contemporary_JJ English_NNP ,_, and_CC it_PRP is_VBZ essential_JJ that_IN his_PRP$ books_NNS be_VB in_IN the_DT libraries_NNS of_IN all_DT who_WP are_VBP interested_JJ in_IN the_DT subject_NN ,_, regardless_RB of_IN their_PRP$ alignment_NN with_IN his_PRP$ opinions_NNS ._. 
For_IN one_CD thing_NN ,_, he_PRP documents_VBZ many_JJ neologisms_NNS ,_, an_DT activity_NN that_IN endears_NNS him_PRP to_TO many_JJ working_NN lexicographers_NNS ._. 
From_IN the_DT sometimes_RB cavalier_JJ manner_NN in_IN which_WDT he_PRP treats_VBZ his_PRP$ subject_JJ ,_, one_CD wonders_VBZ if_IN Safire_NNP feels_VBZ the_DT burden_NN of_IN the_DT responsibility_NN he_PRP has_VBZ toward_IN his_PRP$ readers_NNS ._. 

The_DT publisher_NN sent_VBD unrevised_JJ bound_VBN proofs_NNS from_IN which_WDT this_DT review_NN was_VBD prepared_VBN ;_: unfortunately_RB ,_, there_EX was_VBD no_DT proof_NN of_IN an_DT index_NN ,_, but_CC the_DT publisher_NN has_VBZ assured_VBN me_PRP that_IN there_EX will_MD be_VB one_CD in_IN the_DT published_VBN book_NN ,_, a_DT rather_RB essential_JJ ingredient_NN of_IN a_DT work_NN with_IN this_DT title_NN ._. 

Laurence_NNP Urdang_NNP 

Webster_NNP 's_POS New_NNP World_NNP Guide_NNP to_TO Current_NNP American_NNP Usage_NNP 
Here_RB is_VBZ a_DT commonsense_NN style_NN book_NN ,_, useful_JJ to_TO those_DT who_WP have_VBP the_DT education_NN and_CC common_JJ sense_NN to_TO be_VB in_IN doubt_NN about_IN questions_NNS of_IN English_NNP usage_NN ._. 
It_PRP has_VBZ some_DT problems_NNS ,_, if_IN you_PRP want_VBP to_TO be_VB sticky_JJ about_IN things_NNS :_: on_IN p._NN xv_NN we_PRP read_VBP :_: 
._. ._. ._. Einstein_NNP 's_POS Special_JJ Theory_NNP of_IN Relativity_NNP does_VBZ not_RB say_VB that_IN E_NNP =_SYM MC_NNP and_CC in_IN leap_NN year_NN MC_NNP ._. 

Indeed_RB it_PRP does_VBZ not_RB ._. 
But_CC it_PRP does_VBZ say_VB E_NNP =_SYM mc_NN ;_: the_DT version_NN with_IN the_DT capital_JJ M_NNP and_CC C_NNP is_VBZ ,_, essentially_RB ,_, meaningless_JJ to_TO those_DT familiar_JJ with_IN the_DT conventional_JJ symbolism_NN used_VBN in_IN physics_NN ._. 

While_IN I_PRP acknowledge_VBP that_IN it_PRP is_VBZ not_RB easy_JJ to_TO know_VB how_WRB to_TO sort_VB out_RP the_DT many_JJ topics_NNS to_TO be_VB covered_VBN in_IN a_DT usage_NN book_NN ,_, most_RBS reasonable_JJ writers_NNS have_VBP taken_VBN a_DT stab_NN at_IN writing_VBG an_DT entry_NN under_IN a_DT heading_VBG that_WDT seems_VBZ a_DT likely_JJ place_NN to_TO look_VB ,_, then_RB have_VBP provided_VBN a_DT detailed_VBN index_NN ._. 
Not_RB Bernice_NNP Randall_NNP ._. 
True_JJ ,_, one_CD can_MD find_VB different_JJ from_IN ,_, etc._NN ,_, in_IN an_DT entry_NN so_RB headed_VBD ,_, but_CC for_IN absolute_JJ constructions_NNS one_CD is_VBZ referred_VBN to_TO an_DT entry_NN called_VBD Covered_NNP with_IN onions_NNS ,_, relish_NN ,_, and_CC ketchup_NN ,_, I_PRP ate_VBD a_DT hotdog_NN at_IN the_DT ball-park_JJ ._. 
If_IN the_DT user_NN wants_VBZ to_TO find_VB out_IN about_IN misplaced_VBN adjectives_NNS and_CC adverbs_NNS ,_, reference_NN is_VBZ made_VBN to_TO the_DT entry_NN Electric_NNP shaver_NN for_IN women_NNS with_IN delicate_JJ floral_JJ design_NN on_IN the_DT handle_VB ._. 
A_DT search_NN for_IN only_RB would_MD be_VB futile_JJ ._. 

Perhaps_RB the_DT subject_NN and_CC treatment_NN of_IN usage_NN need_VBP some_DT lightening_VBG up_RP ,_, but_CC I_PRP am_VBP hard_JJ put_NN to_TO agree_VB that_IN they_PRP are_VBP quite_RB as_IN frivolous_JJ and_CC light-headed_JJ as_IN this_DT book_NN would_MD have_VB us_PRP believe_VB ._. 
Fun_NNP is_VBZ fun_NN ,_, but_CC those_DT who_WP might_MD rely_VB on_IN such_JJ a_DT book_NN are_NN quite_RB serious_JJ about_IN the_DT information_NN they_PRP are_VBP seeking_VBG ,_, and_CC it_PRP is_VBZ unfair_JJ to_TO play_VB fast_RB and_CC loose_JJ with_IN their_PRP$ sincerity_NN ._. 
A_DT sense_NN of_IN humor_NN about_IN a_DT subject_NN is_VBZ born_VBN of_IN a_DT feeling_NN of_IN security_NN about_IN it_PRP ,_, but_CC security_NN is_VBZ the_DT one_CD characteristic_JJ often_RB lacking_VBG among_IN those_DT who_WP would_MD use_VB Current_NNP American_NNP Usage_NNP ._. 

There_EX is_VBZ no_DT doubt_NN that_IN Randall_NNP enjoys_VBZ her_PRP$ work_NN ._. 
But_CC of_IN what_WP use_NN is_VBZ a_DT long_JJ entry_NN on_IN spoonerisms_NNS ?_. 
And_CC of_IN what_WP use_NN are_VBP the_DT interminable_JJ examples_NNS ,_, for_IN instance_NN ,_, of_IN the_DT misuse_NN of_IN like_IN for_IN as_IN ,_, which_WDT draw_VBP out_RP the_DT entry_NN to_TO three_CD pages_NNS ?_. 
More_JJR than_IN four_CD pages_NNS are_VBP devoted_VBN to_TO clichés_NNS (_( under_IN the_DT guise_NN of_IN Lo_NNP and_CC behold_NN ,_, it_PRP 's_VBZ man_NN 's_POS best_JJS friend_NN ._. ,_, which_WDT ,_, being_VBG an_DT exclamation_NN ,_, really_RB ought_MD to_TO end_VB in_IN an_DT exclamation_NN point_NN )_) ._. 
The_DT article_NN on_IN British_JJ /_NN American_NNP English_NNP (_( There_EX 's_VBZ no_DT home_NN like_IN Eaton_NNP Place_NNP ._. )_) is_VBZ a_DT good_JJ one_CD ,_, but_CC ,_, at_IN six_CD pages_NNS ,_, its_PRP$ utility_NN is_VBZ questionable_JJ ._. 
In_IN the_DT matter_NN of_IN pronunciations_NNS of_IN BrEng_NNP names_NNS ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ an_DT old-fashioned_JJ fantasy_NN of_IN Americans_NNPS that_IN Brits_NNP go_VB round_NN saying_VBG POM-frit_NNP for_IN Pontefract_NNP :_: most_JJS Brits_NNP that_IN I_PRP have_VBP heard_VBN give_VB the_DT name_NN a_DT spelling_VBG pronunciation_NN these_DT days_NNS ;_: and_CC so_RB with_IN many_JJ of_IN the_DT old_JJ shibboleths_NNS ._. 
Of_IN what_WP relevance_NN (_( to_TO usage_NN ,_, notwithstanding_IN the_DT fact_NN that_IN the_DT topic_NN is_VBZ interesting_JJ )_) is_VBZ an_DT entry_NN on_IN eponyms_NNS (_( John_NNP Bull_NNP and_CC John_NNP Hancock_NNP are_VBP not_RB just_RB any_DT johns_NNS ._. )_) ?_. 
That_DT is_VBZ not_RB ,_, strictly_RB speaking_VBG ,_, a_DT subject_JJ pertinent_JJ to_TO the_DT title_NN of_IN the_DT book_NN ._. 

All_DT of_IN which_WDT is_VBZ to_TO say_VB that_IN the_DT book_NN is_VBZ an_DT interesting_JJ work_NN on_IN the_DT language_NN and_CC contains_VBZ accurate_JJ ,_, though_IN longwinded_JJ information_NN about_IN what_WP it_PRP covers_VBZ ,_, interesting_JJ and_CC useful_JJ facts_NNS about_IN American_NNP English_NNP ._. 
Its_PRP$ only_RB real_JJ faults_NNS are_VBP its_PRP$ title_NN ,_, which_WDT belies_NNS the_DT content_NN ,_, the_DT cutesy_NN headings_NNS ,_, and_CC the_DT lack_NN of_IN a_DT truly_RB detailed_JJ index_NN :_: self-indexing_JJ does_VBZ not_RB provide_VB coverage_NN of_IN sufficient_JJ detail_NN ._. 
As_IN a_DT reference_NN work_NN on_IN usage_NN ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ far_RB from_IN complete_JJ :_: The_DT Simon_NNP and_CC Schuster_NNP Publicity_NN Department_NNP could_MD have_VB used_VBN an_DT entry_NN on_IN foreword_NN /_NN forward_RB (_( spelt_NN foreward_NN in_IN the_DT release_NN accompanying_VBG the_DT review_NN copy_NN )_) ._. 

A_DT longish_NN section_NN ,_, Some_DT Troublesome_NNP Idiomatic_NNP Prepositions_NNP ,_, and_CC a_DT Glossary_NNP of_IN Grammatical_NNP and_CC Linguistic_NNP Terms_NNS Used_VBN in_IN This_DT Book_NNP ,_, followed_VBN by_IN a_DT list_NN of_IN References_NNP ,_, sources_NNS associated_VBN with_IN specific_JJ entries_NNS ,_, round_NN out_RP the_DT work_NN ._. 

Laurence_NNP Urdang_NNP 

Language_NNP Notes_NNPS from_IN Abroad_RB 
Once_RB more_JJR unto_IN the_DT breach_NN for_IN the_DT warriors_NNS of_IN 1_CD '_POS Académie_NNP Française_NNP in_IN their_PRP$ uphill_JJ battle_NN to_TO preserve_VB the_DT purity_NN of_IN their_PRP$ native_JJ tongue_NN ._. 
Examples_NNS of_IN franglais_NNS which_WDT they_PRP find_VBP particularly_RB monstrous_JJ are_VBP ,_, I_PRP hear_VBP ,_, to_TO be_VB condemned_VBN to_TO a_DT newly_RB created_VBN Musée_NNP des_NNP horreurs_NNS ._. 
The_DT first_JJ is_VBZ sponsor_NN ,_, sponsoriser_NN ,_, sponsorisation_NN ._. 
The_DT academy_NN also_RB calls_VBZ upon_IN all_DT French_JJ to_TO send_VB in_IN further_JJ examples_NNS of_IN linguistic_JJ pollution_NN ,_, observing_VBG ruefully_RB that_IN this_DT is_VBZ one_CD museum_NN which_WDT will_MD be_VB open_JJ 12_CD months_NNS a_DT year_NN ._. 
But_CC the_DT savants_NNS have_VBP passed_VBN barman_NN ,_, blazer_NN ,_, bobsleigh_NN ,_, and_CC boycott_NN as_IN fit_NN for_IN inclusion_NN in_IN their_PRP$ new_JJ dictionary_JJ ._. 
[_NN From_IN The_DT Times_NNP ,_, 15_CD January_NNP 1988_CD ]_NN 

Letter_NNP to_TO the_DT Editor_NNP of_IN The_DT Times_NNP 
Penny_NNP Perrick_NNP regrets_VBZ (_( January_NNP 11_CD )_) that_IN There_EX is_VBZ no_DT word_NN in_IN English_NNP to_TO describe_VB that_IN particular_JJ ,_, special_JJ sort_NN of_IN pride_NN that_IN one_CD feels_VBZ in_IN the_DT achievements_NNS of_IN one_CD 's_POS children_NNS ._. 
But_CC the_DT verb_NN kvell_NN ,_, which_WDT exactly_RB expresses_VBZ that_DT emotion_NN ,_, is_VBZ already_RB (_( like_IN other_JJ Yiddish_JJ loanwords_NNS ,_, such_JJ as_IN chutzpah_NN ,_, meshugga_NN and_CC nosh_NN )_) to_TO be_VB found_VBN in_IN the_DT Supplement_NNP to_TO the_DT Oxford-_NNP English_NNP Dictionary_NNP ._. 

If_IN you_PRP think_VBP that_IN the_DT practice_NN in_IN some_DT Muslim_NNP countries_NNS of_IN amputating_VBG the_DT hand_NN of_IN a_DT thief_NN is_VBZ harsh_JJ ,_, beware_VB of_IN participating_VBG in_IN horse_NN shows_VBZ in_IN England_NNP ,_, where_WRB there_EX is_VBZ no_DT capital_NN punishment_NN but_CC the_DT issue_NN arises_VBZ every_DT few_JJ years_NNS :_: 
A_DT carriage_NN and_CC team_NN of_IN Cleveland_NNP Bay_NNP horses_NNS ,_, driven_VBN by_IN Mr_NNP Fred_NNP Pendlebury_NNP ._. ._. ._. [_NN were_VBD ]_NN approaching_VBG the_DT water_NN obstacle_NN during_IN the_DT cross-country_JJ section_NN of_IN the_DT Harrods_NNP International_NNP Grand_NNP Prix_NNP when_WRB the_DT leading_VBG pair_NN became_VBD confused_VBN ,_, turned_VBD back_RB and_CC became_VBD entangled_VBN with_IN the_DT second_JJ pair_NN ._. 
Mr_NNP Pendlebury_NNP ,_, of_IN Smithills_NNP ,_, near_IN Bolton_NNP ,_, Greater_NNP Manchester_NNP ,_, was_VBD eliminated_VBN ._. 

[_NN From_IN The_DT Times_NNP ,_, 16_CD May_NNP 1988_CD ]_NN 

Loose_NNP Cannons_NNP &_CC Red_NNP Herrings_NNP 
Readers_NNS should_MD be_VB familiar_JJ with_IN Robert_NNP Claiborne_NNP 's_POS earlier_JJR books_NNS ,_, especially_RB Our_PRP$ Marvelous_NNP Native_NNP Tongue_NNP :_: The_DT Life_NNP and_CC Times_NNP of_IN the_DT English_NNP Language_NNP ._. 
One_CD might_MD say_VB that_IN subtitling_VBG the_DT present_JJ book_NN A_DT Book_NNP of_IN Lost_VBD Metaphors_NNP is_VBZ an_DT example_NN of_IN a_DT loose_JJ canon_NN [_NN sic_JJ ]_NN —_NN unless_IN metaphor_NN is_VBZ taken_VBN in_IN its_PRP$ broadest_JJS sense—but_NN one_CD is_VBZ unlikely_JJ to_TO find_VB red_JJ herrings_NNS here_RB :_: the_DT etymologies_NNS of_IN a_DT few_JJ hundred_CD words_NNS and_CC phrases_NNS are_VBP given_VBN ,_, many_JJ not_RB readily_RB findable_JJ in_IN standard_JJ works_NNS of_IN reference_NN ._. 
The_DT rationale_NN behind_IN referring_VBG to_TO them_PRP as_IN lost_VBN arises_VBZ from_IN the_DT author_NN 's_POS observation_NN of_IN an_DT unfortunate_JJ state_NN of_IN affairs_NNS :_: because_IN of_IN an_DT increasingly_RB widespread_JJ lack_NN of_IN familiarity_NN with_IN the_DT basic_JJ ,_, structural_JJ elements_NNS of_IN our_PRP$ culture—_NN Greek_JJ and_CC Roman_NNP mythology_NN ,_, the_DT Bible_NNP ,_, literature_NN ,_, and_CC ordinary_JJ historical_JJ fact—people_NN today_NN are_VBP unable_JJ to_TO discern_VB the_DT origins_NNS of_IN terms_NNS like_IN aphrodisiac_NN ,_, Achilles_NNP [_NN sic_JJ ]_NN heel_NN or_CC tendon_NN ,_, meet_VB one_CD 's_POS Waterloo_NNP ,_, sow_VBP dragon_NN 's_POS teeth_NNS ,_, and_CC hand-writing_JJ on_IN the_DT wall_NN ,_, to_TO name_VB a_DT few_JJ ._. 
There_EX are_VBP many_JJ ,_, of_IN course_NN ,_, but_CC unaccountably_RB ,_, they_PRP are_VBP not_RB the_DT focus_NN of_IN this_DT book_NN ._. 

Claiborne_NNP investigates_VBZ and_CC reports_VBZ on_IN expressions_NNS like_IN sow_VBP one_CD 's_POS wild_JJ oats_NNS ,_, about_IN which_WDT he_PRP tells_VBZ us_PRP little_JJ or_CC nothing_NN :_: the_DT modern_JJ Latinate_NNP designation_NN Avena_NNP fatua_NN came_VBD too_RB many_JJ centuries_NNS after_IN the_DT original_JJ expression_NN to_TO have_VB any_DT relevance_NN to_TO it_PRP ,_, so_RB why_WRB bring_VB up_RP the_DT information_NN that_DT fatua_NN is_VBZ Latin_NNP for_IN `_`` foolish_JJ '_'' :_: it_PRP was_VBD also_RB Latin_NNP for_IN `_`` wild_JJ ,_, '_'' which_WDT might_MD be_VB more_JJR to_TO the_DT point_NN ._. 
In_IN any_DT event_NN ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ hard_JJ to_TO discern_VB ,_, from_IN the_DT arch_NN style_NN affected_VBN in_IN an_DT attempt_NN to_TO make_VB dull_JJ facts_NNS interesting_JJ ,_, just_RB what_WP is_VBZ the_DT origin_NN of_IN sow_VBP one_CD 's_POS wild_JJ oats_NNS ._. 
In_IN many_JJ entries_NNS ,_, Claiborne_NNP labors_NNS the_DT obvious_JJ ,_, offering_VBG little_JJ or_CC nothing_NN we_PRP do_VBP not_RB already_RB know_VB ,_, could_MD easily_RB imagine_VB ,_, or_CC for_IN which_WDT the_DT author_NN offers_VBZ no_DT explanation_NN ._. 
Among_IN examples_NNS of_IN the_DT first_JJ are_VBP spit_NN and_CC polish_VB ,_, on_IN the_DT spot_NN ,_, on_IN the_DT square_NN ,_, stick_VB one_CD 's_POS neck_NN out_IN ,_, etc._NN 
Examples_NNS of_IN the_DT last_JJ include_VBP spill_NN the_DT beans_NNS ,_, square_VB the_DT circle_NN ,_, stalemate_NN ,_, etc._NN 
Between_IN these_DT is_VBZ an_DT occasional_JJ flash_VBP of_IN useful_JJ wisdom_NN ,_, much_JJ of_IN it_PRP pretty_RB well_RB covered_VBN by_IN other_JJ books_NNS of_IN this_DT type_NN (_( which_WDT seem_VBP to_TO be_VB proliferating_VBG )_) ._. 

What_WP is_VBZ missing_VBG ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, at_IN square_VB the_DT circle_NN ,_, is_VBZ the_DT information_NN that_IN because_IN the_DT area_NN of_IN a_DT circle_NN is_VBZ mathematically_RB calculated_VBN using_VBG pi_NN ,_, which_WDT is_VBZ irrational_JJ ,_, there_EX is_VBZ no_DT mathematical_JJ way_NN of_IN calculating_VBG the_DT dimensions_NNS of_IN a_DT square_NN with_IN the_DT same_JJ area_NN as_IN that_DT of_IN a_DT given_VBN circle_NN ._. 
But_CC that_DT does_VBZ not_RB mean_VB that_IN such_JJ a_DT square_JJ cannot_NN exist_VB ._. 
As_IN for_IN stalemate_NN ,_, which_WDT is_VBZ related_VBN to_TO checkmate_NN ,_, would_MD it_PRP not_RB have_VB been_VBN important_JJ to_TO indicate_VB that_IN the_DT -_: mate_NN part_NN has_VBZ nothing_NN to_TO do_VB with_IN English_NNP ,_, having_VBG been_VBN borrowed_VBN from_IN checkmate_NN which_WDT is_VBZ a_DT loanword_NN from_IN Persian_NNP (_( and_CC has_VBZ nothing_NN to_TO do_VB with_IN check_NN ,_, either_CC )_) ._. 

Often_RB ,_, an_DT entry_NN offers_VBZ nothing_NN in_IN the_DT way_NN of_IN etymology_NN and_CC merely_RB explains_VBZ the_DT meaning_VBG ._. 
Does_VBZ any_DT reader_NN need_VBP an_DT entry_NN like_IN this_DT one_CD ?_. 

straddle_NN ._. 
When_WRB you_PRP straddle_NN a_DT horse_NN ,_, you_PRP 've_VBP got_VBN one_CD leg_NN on_IN either_DT side_NN of_IN the_DT animal_NN ._. 
When_WRB a_DT politican_NN straddles_NNS an_DT issue_NN ,_, he_PRP 's_VBZ in_IN much_RB the_DT same_JJ position_NN ._. 

Some_DT speculative_JJ suggestions_NNS ,_, as_IN the_DT derivation_NN (_( or_CC reinforcement_NN )_) from_IN Seidlitz_NNP powders_NNS for_IN take_NN a_DT powder_NN are_NN sheer_JJ nonsense_NN ._. 
Not_RB all_DT entries_NNS contain_VBP misleading_JJ ,_, dull_JJ ,_, or_CC incorrect_JJ information_NN ,_, but_CC those_DT that_WDT do_VBP not_RB are_VBP marked_VBN by_IN a_DT lack_NN of_IN originality_NN ._. 

Laurence_NNP Urdang_NNP 

Word_NNP Maps_NNP 
Dialect_NNP geography_NN ,_, a_DT branch_NN of_IN dialectology_NN ,_, describes_VBZ certain_JJ features_NNS of_IN the_DT dialects_NNS of_IN a_DT language_NN and_CC their_PRP$ distribution_NN ._. 
The_DT field_NN is_VBZ about_IN 100_CD years_NNS old_JJ ._. 
Most_JJS prominent_JJ among_IN its_PRP$ earliest_JJS practitioners_NNS in_IN England_NNP was_VBD Joseph_NNP Wright_NNP ,_, who_WP prepared_VBD the_DT six-volume_JJ English_NNP Dialect_NNP Dictionary_NNP ,_, which_WDT was_VBD published_VBN between_IN 1898_CD and_CC 1905_CD ;_: the_DT best-known_JJS contemporary_JJ British_JJ specialist_NN is_VBZ Harold_NNP Orton_NNP ._. 
In_IN America_NNP ,_, work_NN proceeded_VBD space_NN during_IN the_DT 1930s_NN ,_, largely_RB under_IN the_DT direction_NN of_IN Raven_NNP McDavid_NNP ,_, Hans_NNP Kurath_NNP ,_, and_CC ,_, later_RB ,_, Harold_NNP Allen_NNP ;_: more_RBR recently_RB ,_, Lee_NNP Pedersen_NNP and_CC others_NNS have_VBP investigated_VBN American_NNP English_NNP dialects_NNS ._. 
Between_IN 1948_CD and_CC 1961_CD ,_, fieldworkers_NNS based_VBN at_IN the_DT University_NNP of_IN Leeds_NNP conducted_VBD the_DT Survey_NN of_IN English_NNP Dialects_NNP ,_, which_WDT studied_VBD 313_CD localities_NNS in_IN England_NNP (_( which_WDT ,_, as_IN everyone_NN ought_MD to_TO know_VB ,_, does_VBZ not_RB include_VB Wales_NNP or_CC Scotland_NNP )_) ._. 
The_DT present_JJ book_NN is_VBZ extracted_VBN from_IN the_DT two_CD major_JJ works_NNS that_WDT resulted_VBN from_IN the_DT Survey_NN ,_, The_DT Linguistic_NNP Atlas_NNP of_IN England_NNP (_( 1978_CD )_) and_CC A_DT Word_NNP Geography_NNP of_IN England_NNP (_( 1974_CD )_) ,_, both_DT under_IN the_DT direction_NN of_IN Harold_NNP Orton_NNP ,_, aided_VBN by_IN Sanderson_NNP and_CC Widdowson_NNP in_IN the_DT latter_JJ effort_NN ._. 

People_NNS generally_RB seem_VBP to_TO find_VB dialect_NN study_NN interesting_JJ ._. 
One_CD letter_NN writer_NN to_TO The_DT Times_NNP [_NN 21_CD June_NNP 1988_CD ]_NN reported_VBD :_: 
Our_PRP$ close_JJ neighbour_NN ._. ._. ._. in_IN Bere_NNP Regis_NNP ,_, who_WP was_VBD born_VBN in_IN the_DT village_NN and_CC who_WP speaks_VBZ with_IN a_DT delicious_JJ Dorset_NNP burr_NN ,_, always_RB uses_VBZ I_PRP instead_RB of_IN me_PRP ._. 
._. ._. ._. 
Well_RB ,_, it_PRP makes_VBZ company_NN for_IN I_PRP and_CC company_NN for_IN she_PRP ._. 
Another_DT of_IN his_PRP$ happy_JJ expressions_NNS is_VBZ inner-wards_JJ ,_, meaning_VBG `_`` since_IN ,_, '_'' as_IN in_IN ._. ._. ._. I_PRP chucked_VBD him_PRP out_RP the_DT door_NN and_CC he_PRP 's_VBZ not_RB been_VBN back_RB innerwards_NNS ._. 

Another_DT reported_VBN [_NN same_JJ date_NN ]_NN :_: 
Let_VB 's_PRP get_VB it_PRP right_JJ ._. 
The_DT Bristol_NNP for_IN me_PRP is_VBZ not_RB I_PRP ,_, but_CC oi_NN ._. 
When_WRB I_PRP was_VBD teaching_VBG there_RB ,_, the_DT explanation_NN invariably_RB given_VBN by_IN boys_NNS brought_VBN to_TO me_PRP for_IN scrapping_VBG in_IN the_DT playground_NN was_VBD :_: Ee_NNP it_PRP oi_NN ,_, so_RB oi_NN it_PRP ee_NN ._. 

The_DT 100_CD maps_NNS selected_VBN for_IN representation_NN from_IN the_DT Survey_NN yield_NN information_NN on_IN several_JJ hundred_CD words_NNS ,_, some_DT of_IN which_WDT are_VBP clear_JJ variants_NNS ,_, others_NNS quite_RB different_JJ lexical_JJ entities_NNS ._. 
For_IN instance_NN ,_, Map_NNP 34_CD shows_VBZ the_DT areas_NNS ,_, marked_VBD off_IN by_IN boundary_NN lines_NNS ,_, where_WRB the_DT variants_NNS chimley_NN chimbley_NN ,_, chimmock_NN ,_, chimdey_NN ,_, chimbey_NN ,_, and_CC chimney_NN occur_VB ._. 
Map_NNP 33_CD shows_VBZ the_DT distribution_NN of_IN child_NN (_( most_JJS of_IN southern_JJ England_NNP )_) and_CC of_IN bairn_NN (_( north_RB of_IN a_DT slightly_RB wavy_NN line_NN between_IN Boston_NNP ,_, on_IN the_DT Wash_NNP to_TO the_DT east_JJ ,_, and_CC Lancaster_NNP ,_, on_IN the_DT west_NN coast_NN )_) ._. 

The_DT authors_NNS have_VBP provided_VBN a_DT brief_JJ introduction_NN which_WDT is_VBZ easy_JJ to_TO follow_VB ,_, a_DT list_NN of_IN suggested_VBD readings_NNS ,_, and_CC the_DT names_NNS and_CC addresses_NNS of_IN the_DT several_JJ institutions_NNS and_CC societies_NNS in_IN Britain_NNP where_WRB readers_NNS may_MD indulge_VB a_DT more_RBR intensive_JJ interest_NN in_IN dialect_NN study_NN ._. 
The_DT maps_NNS are_VBP clear_JJ ,_, each_DT occupying_VBG a_DT full_JJ page_NN ,_, and_CC the_DT word_NN information_NN is_VBZ well_RB set_VBN forth_RB on_IN them_PRP ._. 
Where_WRB necessary_JJ ,_, brief_JJ but_CC not_RB cryptic_JJ explanations_NNS are_VBP provided_VBN of_IN any_DT information_NN that_WDT might_MD seem_VB to_TO be_VB out_IN of_IN the_DT ordinary_JJ ._. 
I_PRP have_VBP only_RB one_CD nit_NN to_TO pick_VB with_IN the_DT authors_NNS ._. 
In_IN their_PRP$ description_NN of_IN isoglosses_NNS ,_, they_PRP write_VBP :_: 
These_DT are_VBP drawn_VBN to_TO run_VB midway_NN between_IN /_NN localities_NNS which_WDT were_VBD shown_VBN by_IN the_DT Survey_NN of_IN English_NNP Dialects_NNP to_TO use_VB the_DT different_JJ words_NNS or_CC pronunciations_NNS which_WDT are_VBP the_DT subject_NN of_IN the_DT map_NN ._. 

Although_IN it_PRP is_VBZ true_JJ that_IN isoglosses_NNS ,_, in_IN effect_NN ,_, set_VBN off_IN the_DT various_JJ areas_NNS where_WRB a_DT particular_JJ usage_NN was_VBD recorded_VBN ,_, more_RBR accurately_RB an_DT isogloss_NNS is_VBZ drawn_VBN to_TO connect_VB sites_NNS either_CC where_WRB speakers_NNS employ_VBP both_DT usages_NNS or_CC where_WRB speakers_NNS using_VBG one_CD or_CC the_DT other_JJ live_VB in_IN very_RB close_JJ proximity_NN ._. 
Hence_RB ,_, the_DT term_NN isogloss_NNS ,_, from_IN iso_NN -_: `_`` same_JJ '_'' +_NN gloss_VBP `_`` word_NN ,_, '_'' to_TO describe_VB the_DT line_NN on_IN a_DT map_NN where_WRB the_DT terms_NNS are_VBP of_IN equal_JJ distribution_NN ._. 
Isoglosses_NNP are_VBP to_TO dialect_NN maps_NNS what_WP isobars_NNS and_CC isotherms_NNS are_VBP to_TO weather_VB maps_NNS ,_, what_WP isobaths_NNS are_VBP to_TO geophysical_JJ maps_NNS of_IN the_DT oceans_NNS ,_, etc._NN 
The_DT authors_NNS are_VBP not_RB alone_RB in_IN getting_VBG this_DT wrong_JJ :_: it_PRP is_VBZ incorrect_JJ in_IN some_DT dictionaries_NNS ._. 

In_IN those_DT countries_NNS where_WRB dialect_NN study_NN is_VBZ undertaken_VBN ,_, dialectologists_NNS observe_VBP that_IN there_EX are_VBP today_RB many_JJ factors_NNS militating_VBG against_IN the_DT strict_JJ maintenance_NN of_IN older_JJR dialect_NN boundaries_NNS :_: the_DT standardization_NN of_IN terminology_NN as_IN adopted_VBN by_IN national_JJ periodicals_NNS ,_, news_NN services_NNS ,_, radio_NN ,_, and_CC television_NN ;_: the_DT establishment_NN of_IN prestige_NN dialects_NNS and_CC ,_, through_IN the_DT media_NNS ,_, their_PRP$ promulgation_NN ;_: and_CC the_DT huge_JJ population_NN shifts_NNS that_WDT have_VBP taken_VBN place_NN ,_, particularly_RB in_IN the_DT U.S._NN since_IN WWII_NNP ._. 
Such_JJ shifts_NNS have_VBP been_VBN somewhat_RB slower_JJR in_IN England_NNP ,_, but_CC seem_VBP now_RB to_TO be_VB speeding_VBG up_RP ._. 
There_EX are_VBP many_JJ other_JJ ,_, lesser_JJR factors_NNS at_IN work_NN ,_, but_CC taken_VBN together_RB ,_, all_DT tend_VBP toward_IN standardization_NN ,_, especially_RB as_IN the_DT older_JJR speakers_NNS die_VBP off_RP ._. 
In_IN some_DT respects_VBZ ,_, it_PRP may_MD not_RB be_VB long_RB before_IN certain_JJ aspects_NNS of_IN dialect_NN geography_NN will_MD be_VB largely_RB historical_JJ ._. 
The_DT importance_NN of_IN dialect_NN is_VBZ emphasized_VBN regularly_RB in_IN the_DT press_NN ,_, where_WRB we_PRP read_VBP about_IN people_NNS being_VBG killed_VBN ,_, as_IN in_IN parts_NNS of_IN India_NNP ,_, because_IN they_PRP use_VBP the_DT wrong_JJ shibboleths_NNS ._. 

This_DT book_NN is_VBZ a_DT good_JJ introduction_NN to_TO the_DT subject_JJ (_( in_IN England_NNP )_) ;_: those_DT familiar_JJ with_IN dialectology_NN in_IN America_NNP ,_, and_CC those_DT interested_JJ in_IN the_DT study_NN in_IN England_NNP or_CC ,_, indeed_RB ,_, generally_RB would_MD be_VB well_RB advised_VBN to_TO add_VB Word_NNP Maps_NNP to_TO their_PRP$ libraries_NNS ._. 

Laurence_NNP Urdang_NNP 

American_NNP Literary_NNP Almanac_NNP 
This_DT is_VBZ an_DT interesting_JJ ,_, useful_JJ reference_NN book_NN containing_VBG information_NN about_IN the_DT better-known_JJ writers_NNS of_IN America_NNP ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ divided_VBN into_IN eighteen_CD chapters_NNS varying_VBG in_IN length_NN ,_, each_DT dealing_VBG with_IN a_DT different_JJ aspect_NN of_IN the_DT authors_NNS and_CC their_PRP$ works_NNS ,_, among_IN them_PRP ,_, 
Writers_NNPS Related_NNP to_TO Writers_NNPS Schooldays_NNP (_( which_WDT colleges_NNS and_CC universities_NNS spawned_VBN which_WDT writers_NNS )_) American_NNP Literary_NNP Pseudonyms_NNP American_NNP Literary_NNP Title_NNP Sources_NNS Literary_NNP Cons_NNP :_: Hoaxes_NNP ,_, Frauds_NNP ,_, and_CC Plagiarism_NNP in_IN American_NNP Literature_NNP The_DT Profession_NNP of_IN Authorship_NNP :_: 
Authors_NNP /_NN Publishers_NNPS /_NN Editors_NNP /_NN Agents_NNPS Thrown_NNP to_TO the_DT Wolves_NNP :_: Reviews_NNP and_CC Reviewers_NNP 

These_DT are_VBP supplemented_JJ by_IN an_DT extensive_JJ Bibliography_NNP and_CC a_DT detailed_VBN Index_NNP ._. 

As_IN can_MD be_VB seen_VBN from_IN the_DT chapter_NN headings_NNS ,_, some_DT of_IN the_DT material_NN is_VBZ trivial_JJ ,_, but_CC nonetheless_RB interesting_JJ for_IN that_DT ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ not_RB at_IN once_RB apparent_JJ why_WRB the_DT book_NN is_VBZ styled_VBN an_DT almanac_NN ,_, but_CC that_DT is_VBZ unimportant_JJ :_: there_EX is_VBZ no_DT other_JJ book_NN I_PRP know_VBP of_IN that_DT contains_VBZ as_IN much_JJ diverse_JJ information_NN about_IN American_JJ writers_NNS as_IN this_DT one_CD ._. 
Its_PRP$ readability_NN and_CC organization_NN make_NN it_PRP suitable_JJ for_IN browsing—even_NN for_IN reading_NN straight_JJ through—so_NN in_IN that_DT respect_NN ,_, at_IN least_JJS ,_, it_PRP does_VBZ not_RB resemble_VB books_NNS in_IN the_DT Oxford_NNP Companion_NNP series_NN ._. 
It_PRP contains_VBZ many_JJ photographs_NNS of_IN writers_NNS ,_, some_DT quite_RB early_JJ ;_: these_DT enliven_NN the_DT appearance_NN of_IN the_DT book_NN but_CC accomplish_VB little_JJ else_RB ,_, unless_IN one_CD is_VBZ interested_VBN in_IN what_WP Samuel_NNP Clemens_NNP looked_VBD like_IN at_IN the_DT age_NN of_IN 15_CD (_( as_IN a_DT printer_NN 's_POS devil_NN )_) or_CC in_IN the_DT appearance_NN of_IN Hart_NNP Crane_NNP standing_NN in_IN the_DT middle_NN of_IN a_DT railroad_NN track_NN in_IN Cleveland_NNP in_IN 1916_CD ._. 

It_PRP is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO make_VB any_DT sensible_JJ connection_NN between_IN the_DT lives_NNS of_IN authors_NNS and_CC their_PRP$ creations_NNS ._. 
A_DT handful_NN might_MD have_VB led_VBN colorful_JJ existences_NNS ,_, some_DT are_VBP objects_NNS of_IN interest_NN because_IN they_PRP died_VBD early_JJ ,_, committed_VBN suicide_NN ,_, were_VBD related_VBN to_TO (_( other_JJ )_) famous_JJ people_NNS ,_, and_CC so_RB forth_RB ;_: but_CC such_JJ information_NN seldom_RB reveals_VBZ as_IN much_JJ about_IN their_PRP$ output_NN as_IN do_VBP the_DT creations_NNS themselves_PRP ,_, and_CC in_IN certain_JJ cases_NNS one_CD is_VBZ probably_RB better_JJR off_RP not_RB knowing_VBG quite_RB so_RB much_JJ ._. 

This_DT book_NN appears_VBZ to_TO have_VB been_VBN diligently_RB researched_VBN and_CC has_VBZ much_JJ to_TO recommend_VB it_PRP as_IN an_DT adjunct_NN to_TO most_JJS libraries_NNS ,_, public_NN and_CC private_JJ ,_, large_JJ and_CC small_JJ ,_, general_JJ and_CC specialized_JJ ._. 

Laurence_NNP Urdang_NNP 

Faculty_NN protest_NN against_IN apartheid_NN at_IN Cornell_NNP ._. 
[_NN TV_NN news_NN tease_NN ,_, WHEC_NNP ,_, Rochester_NNP ,_, ._. Submitted_NNP by_IN ._. ]_NN 

[_NN the_DT tenor_NN ]_NN brings_VBZ the_DT opera_NN to_TO its_PRP$ climax_NN in_IN his_PRP$ final_JJ suicide_NN ._. 
[_NN From_IN a_DT review_NN of_IN Handel_NNP 's_POS Tamerlano_NNP in_IN the_DT issue_NN of_IN Stereo_NNP Review_NNP ._. 
Submitted_NNP by_IN ._. ]_NN 

I_PRP would_MD like_VB to_TO make_VB a_DT couple_NN of_IN comments_NNS on_IN articles_NNS in_IN the_DT Autumn_NNP 1988_CD issue_NN [_NN XV_NNP ,_, 2_CD ]_NN ._. 
Re_NNP the_DT article_NN on_IN Cuthbert_NNP ,_, Dickens_NNP uses_VBZ intercourse_NN to_TO mean_VB `_`` communication_NN between_IN people_NNS '_POS in_IN A_DT Christmas_NNP Carol_NNP when_WRB Scrooge_NNP says_VBZ I_PRP will_MD not_RB be_VB the_DT man_NN I_PRP must_MD have_VB been_VBN but_CC for_IN this_DT intercourse_NN to_TO the_DT third_JJ Spirit_NN ._. 

I_PRP would_MD think_VB that_IN the_DT words_NNS grand_JJ and_CC stretch_NN would_MD be_VB known_VBN to_TO more_JJR people_NNS than_IN two_CD of_IN the_DT words_NNS the_DT author_NN gives_VBZ as_IN being_VBG familiar_JJ (_( chippy_NN and_CC hootch_NN )_) ._. 

Incidentally_NNP ,_, I_PRP seem_VBP to_TO recall_VB reading_NN somewhere_RB that_IN skins_NNS as_IN slang_NN for_IN `_`` dollars_NNS '_'' dates_NNS from_IN frontier_NN days_NNS when_WRB trappers_NNS used_VBD animal_NN skins_NNS as_IN currency_NN ,_, and_CC is_VBZ therefore_RB much_RB older_JJR than_IN early_JJ 20_CD th-century_JJ Harlem_NNP ._. 

._. ._. 
._. the_DT party_NN consisted_VBD of_IN Beckett_NNP ,_, Dame_NNP Peggy_NNP Ashcroft_NNP ,_, Harold_NNP Pinter_NNP ,_, and_CC the_DT late_JJ Alan_NNP Webb_NNP ._. 
[_NN from_IN The_DT Times_NNP Diary_NNP ,_, ,_, ]_NN 

